International aid is always welcome. Discuss Essay

Universal guide is consistently welcome. Examine - Essay Example Outside or universal guides assume an exceptionally basic job in the general advancement of a nation except if it gets used appropriately. Universal guide is chiefly required in the event of shortage of monetary assets or for whatever other characteristic restriction, when a nation needs adequate measure of remote assets in the style of outside guides to recover its position. By and large outside or global guide is introduced to diminish the shortage spending plans, exchange advancements alongside vital contemplations. Other than this, Foreign or worldwide guides are additionally offered as monetary, specialized or military alleviation by one country to another with the end goal of restoration and backing to have a genuine effect. Not just this, remote guides are additionally offered in order to introduce the chance to achieve fundamental instructive offices to the poor kids too (Little and Clifford, 2005). Because of such reasons, it is exceptionally respected by the individual all round the world. There are predominantly two kinds of helps like crisis and formative guides. Crisis helps are those introduced by changed countries to offer alleviation to the individual destroyed because of common cataclysm, for example, fire, dry spell, flood, unexpected break out of plague and breaking of enormous rocks and numerous others. Aside from this, guides are additionally offered in the event of formative purposes also. At the point when a formative nation is attempting to get grew, at that point differed kinds of helps are additionally offered to help the enduring individual of those nations (Little and Clifford, 2005). These guides help in improving the condition and status of the person in the creating nations and it is exceptionally favored by every one of them. Conversation The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is one of the notable universal reliefs giving association situated in New York of USA. It was set up in the year 1946 in the period of December. It i s built up so as to offer crisis alleviation and formative help to the endured families. It additionally works for the advancement of poor people and denied families and moms in order to improve their everyday environments and monetary principles. In this manner, these associations are created so as to improve and secure the families beneath destitution line and furthermore to ensure the privileges of the little youngsters too. Very nearly 16 million individual got defrauded because of the overwhelming dry spell that broke in Africa (UNICEF UK, n.d.). In eighteenth April, in the year 2000, a gigantic dry spell broke out in the eastern and southern pieces of Africa wherein various families and youngsters got destitute and nearly destroyed (UNICEF UK, n.d.). Around then, so as to support those destroyed families, UNICEF approached. It offered differed kinds of reliefs, for example, cash, garments, food, medications and safe drinking water offices to those families and person. Other th an this, it additionally bid for legitimate restorative treatment for the youngsters enduring fluctuated sorts of difficulty a few ailments (UNICEF UK, n.d.). In this manner, so as to treat these endured people, UNICEF bid for $1.7 million from both government and private benefactors. Be that as it may, they got just $ 500,000 to satisfy the essential needs like water, drugs, food, garments and others. This aided in sparing the lives of various endured and infected individual and kids to

Analysis of Mastering Management Example

Investigation of Mastering Management Example Investigation of Mastering Management †Assignment Example ï » ¿Mastering Management The consequences of the two diverse enthusiastic knowledge tests were about equivalent. The course reading evaluation demonstrated a score of 83, which was on the high finish of the subsequent quartile. The online appraisal from queendom.com furnished me with a score of 79. The online enthusiastic insight test was more complex than the course reading as it requested view of pictures of individuals encountering feelings in certain social circumstances. This may clarify the marginally lower score. Be that as it may, it is exceptionally clear dependent on the outcomes that I have a high enthusiastic knowledge when contrasted with normal scores. I have consistently been truly adept at making sense of how individuals are feeling in specific circumstances basically by tuning in to their manner of speaking, watching non-verbal communication, and utilizing undivided attention to comprehend what is being said. Ordinarily in my own life, individuals have disclosed to me that I am very on top of their sentiments and work superbly of indicating sympathy. I additionally accept that I am very acceptable at controlling my enthusiastic reactions, particularly in proficient versus social circumstances. Hence, I am not astounded by the consequences of either EI evaluation. The resistance of equivocalness scale restored a score of 63. This is the top quartile and a lot higher than normal. What this implies, as indicated by the outcomes, is that I dislike an occupation with a lot of hazard or vulnerability. A few employments that would not be acceptable decisions dependent on the scores would independent, financial exchange handling, or likely even medicinal services administrations since they are frequently erratic and distinctive every day. Agreeable employments would be those with high security and less hazard, for example, a research facility expert, budgetary inspector, or some other activity with extremely exacting principles and unsurprising compensation scales. The locus of control evaluation restored a score of three, which was in the subsequent quartile. With such a low score, it implies that I have a disguised locus of control. This is a lot of how I see myself. I regularly assume liability for my own fate and accept that it is dependent upon me to set objectives and meet achievement. I don't accept that others in my condition have a lot of authority over my future and I will regularly work around individuals who are negative to accomplish positive outcomes. Having a low score in the locus of control would be gainful in the work environment. Administrators should be good examples so as to pick up consideration and steadfastness from supporters. By demonstrating others that you can ace your own destiny, it will move others to attempt to embrace these practices. Training and tutoring would be certain characteristics in the executives since the interior locus of control would keep on fortifying confidence and independence in their activity jobs. It would likewise assist with improving group execution and lessen struggle by demonstrating others that they can be free and not use pardons about another’s horrible showing for group disappointments.

Double-Entry Bookkeeping Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Twofold Entry Bookkeeping Systems - Assignment Example Both the charge and the credit sides were acquainted all together with guarantee that blunders were not dedicated and this would additionally be sealed when the charge and the credit sides would coordinate toward the finish of the predefined bookkeeping period. In the event that the charge and the credit sides don't coordinate toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame, there is an extreme chance that a blunder has been submitted. The passages are recorded inside three expansive arrangements; Assets, Liabilities and Equity/Capital. Consequently the condition is: Despite the fact that the twofold section framework has been made to keep away from mistakes and misquotes, there are a few different ways through which blunders are submitted in spite of the fact that the twofold passages are made effectively. Those mistakes pre-overwhelmingly incorporate these components: The accounting framework, these days, is typically helped out through complex PC bookkeeping virtual products. These virtual products require fitting preparing for their activity and subsequently it makes it hard for a beginner to appropriately comprehend the twofold passage accounting framework utilizing such bookkeeping programming projects (Mason,

Rhetoric Topics For Essay - Reflecting On How Your Essay Is Constructed

Rhetoric Topics For Essay - Reflecting On How Your Essay Is ConstructedThe rhetorical topics for essay requires the student to be creative, engaging and interesting to think of relevant topics for discussion. The goal is to demonstrate the breadth of knowledge the student has in relation to the topic.This subject prepares the student to be more of a student of things by highlighting the practical skills they need to have. They also address skills that are needed to be able to adapt to an uncertain world. Some of the points to make to students are:* When writing the essay, you must think rhetorically. Think of questions that you would want to ask and address them with the help of the topic. If you want to know the answers, just make a note of them and add them later to the essay. It would be the prerogative of the student to learn the answers to these questions.* When choosing a topic, it is important to put one into context and think of other things which might interest you as well. You can include some of the information that might motivate you to give the topic your consideration. If you are unsure of the answer to the question, try it out, see how the topic satisfies your interest and research it further. It is the responsibility of the student to contribute in the best way possible in his own way, so as to leave the rest of the students to draw their own conclusions.* Some of the rhetorical topics for essay include the following: - Natural environment, Health and wellness, International politics, Information Technology, Internet Law, Impending challenges, American Power, Emerging trends, Game Theory, Society and World Politics. Other topics include: book reviews, psychology, politics, money and business, sports, medical research, and ethics. You can use the services of a professional writer to give your topic the right twist, theme and perspective.* Writing the essay is a daunting task, but it is not impossible if you concentrate and give full effort. Write , write, write; you will come up with something worth reading. The value of the essay lies in the sincerity, the style, the expression, the focus and the content.Remember the motto: a student's life is incomplete without an assignment or a project. And, it is very important to keep track of all the assignments and projects you may have for the semester. By having this in hand, you will be sure to meet and excel all semester long!

U.s. Foreign Policy During World War II Essay - 1357 Words

The turn of the twentieth century brought about changes in all aspects of American domestic society and especially in the course of U.S. Foreign Policy. The factors leading up to American involvement in the Spanish-American War of 1898 and in World War II, respectively, mark drastic shifts in domestic attitudes towards America’s role in the world. Ostensibly, the decisions to intervene in Cuba in 1898 and in Europe in 1917 were both products of aggressions against Americans at sea, endangered economic interests, and the fear of European encroachment upon the Western Hemisphere. Domestically, however, the hyper masculinity and expansionist fervor precipitating the U.S. decision to intervene in Cuba contrasts sharply with the reform-driven decision-making process which preceded U.S. entry into WWI. Both cases of military intervention constitute acts of imperialism, albeit in different senses, as the underlying goal of the United States’ 1898 intervention in Cuba was physi cal expansion, while America’s longstanding quest for an Ideological Empire was born with entrance into WWI. Indeed, contemporaries frequently pointed to violations of U.S. neutrality at sea as the most shocking hostility of belligerents. The sensationalist newspapers of the 1890s quickly published dramatized accounts of Spain’s alleged involvement in the sinking of the USS Maine, which resulted in the deaths of 261 American crewmembers. The battleship had been sent to Havana Harbor in order to monitor theShow MoreRelatedKorean War : The Cold War1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthat had already seen two appallingly destructive and costly World wars, just as the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States broke due to their ideological differences after World War II, in the midst of the Cold War was the Korean War. The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, a border between South and North Korea, to attack South Korea. The size of the war quickly grew as it began to involve countries like China, SovietRead Mo reThe War Of The Vietnam War1608 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States (U.S) government s case, this change was thrust upon them in the form of the Vietnam War. The Vietnam war forced the U.S’s hand in adopting a very aggressive form of foreign policy. The Vietnam war was highly controversial and unpopular with the American public. The United States’ involvement in the Vietnam war lasted from 1965-1972, and it was the first war to fight Guerilla fighters head on in the U.S. This pressured the U.S to adopt a very aggressive form of foreign policy to combatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1122 Words   |  5 Pages The Cold War was a state of political hostility between the U.S and the Soviet bloc, the most powerful nations in the world. The two countries fought together as allies in World War II but toward the end of the War the two nations competing ideologies and visions of the post War prevented them from working together. The Cold War was by far the biggest threat to human existence the world has ever seen, although their was never any declaration of War between the two competing nations, the SovietRead MoreThe United States Foreign Policy1667 Words   |  7 PagesAs Kelly Anderson’s Foreign Policy A nalyst, the following memo will address three areas of the United States’ foreign policy. The U.S. has gone through may transition when it comes to its foreign policy. The United States has been an isolationist, neutralist, and internationalist country from the year it was founded to now. The executive branch and the president apply their power to influence and change the nation’s foreign policy. There are specific departments within the Executive Office of theRead MoreHispaniola Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolution occurred. The U.S. navy landed sailors, while the commanding Admiral threatened to bombard the capital, Santo Domingo, unless the insurgents surrendered. During the revolution threat, the State Department worked out a deal in which the United States would control Santo Domingo’s tax collections and spending. Likewise, financial instability and political unrest forced the United States to send 2,000 marines to impose strict martial law on Haiti in the summer of 1915. During that period, SecretaryRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine1364 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Foreign Policy during the Cold War On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U.S. historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. Moreover, it served as a precedent for future U.S. policy of interventionismRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreMilitary Strategy and Planning1649 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Part 1 Military theory after World War II drastically changed for two major reasons: the dropping of Atomic weapons on Japan and what would become known as the Cold War between the USSR and the West. Foreign policy, which became military policy, starting in 1947 is known as the Truman Doctrine. This began with U.S. support of Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent those countries from falling under Soviet influence. The policy was written as a response to the events that tookRead MoreIsolationism And The Great Depression And World War II1172 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 1920s, the United States was believed to have followed a foreign policy of isolationism that led to the Great Depression and World W ar II. However, this is a historical misconception known as the myth of isolationism because the U.S. followed a foreign policy in the 1920s called independent internationalism, which was a new idea to promote economic diplomacy through peaceful relations and non-military intervention. In Jeremi Suri’s Opt-Ed article, Trump is repeating the isolationism thatRead MoreThe Negative Impacts Of Isolationism And Isolationism In America1716 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica has been seen as the world’s hero swooping in and saving the day from foreign bad guys, or at least that’s America sees itself as. To many other countries however America is often seen as the world’s bully or just a nuisance. The United States has had many positive impacts on the world and those seem to over shadow the large number of negative impacts it has imposed as well. The world has been changed by the U.S. in both positive and negative ways, and this is due to the alternating use of

Polygamy A Common Type Of Marriage - 1468 Words

DEFINITION Polygamy can be defined as a type of marriage in which more than one spouse exists in the marriage. Bigamy is the act of going into another marriage while already being married to someone else. HISTORY OF POLYGAMY Polygamy dates back to a long time ago and has been practiced for many centuries by people from different cultures and different religious beliefs and backgrounds. Centuries back, the most common type of polygamy was polygyny. No one really knows how or where polygamy originates from but there are ideas. Polygamy is more common in places that were once part of a colony. An example of such a place is Africa. Polygamy is very common in parts of Africa that were once colonized, take for example Nigeria. A reason why polygamy exists in such places is because during the period of colonization there were more women than men due to the fact that most men were off fighting wars. In such cases, ladies were married off to men who already had wives and men with more than one wives got a lot of popularity. It is also believed that polygamy originated from religion. Although there were cases of polygamy in Christianity, it was never written anywhere in the bible that a man cou ld have more than one wife. With this, there were still lots of cases mentioned about a man having more than one wife in the old testament in the Bible. Powerful men and kings had hundreds of wives and concubines. Although there were no laws regarding polygamy back then, it can be said thatShow MoreRelatedPolygamy : A Socially Sanctioned Marriage1234 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is a publicly sanctioned union between two or more individuals. Marriage can be defined by how many people are involved, their sex and the roles they carry on. Polygamy is a well-known type of marriage and can be found in today’s society. Polygamy is a culturally sanctioned marriage involving more than two people. Most Americans today are used to monogamy, which is believed to be the traditional form of marriage between two individuals. Many Americans think that the majority of marriagesRead MoreMarriage Is A Sacred Action, And The Bondage Between Individuals Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesMarriag e is a sacred action, and the bondage between individuals is powerful. Marriage is one of the greatest moments in ones’ lifetime. Throughout different cultures marriage has a different meaning. In some groups, marriage and your spouse is not your decision and in others you can have multiple spouses. There are several different forms of marriage and different cultures practice those marriages in different ways. Marriage brings about happiness but in some cases it can bring grief and disciplineRead MoreA Recent Study By Belinda Luscombe1464 Words   |  6 Pagesbillionaire rather than the average man s first wife (Luscombe 1). This study shows that polygamy is becoming more and more acceptable in American culture today. Traditionally, polygamy has been thought of as a strange group of people that live in hiding and with fifty wives and 200 children. This is not usually the case in modern polygamy, though it does still exist. As people become more open to the idea of polygamy, it seems that the legal rights should follow. Time Magazine author, Cathy Young saysRead MorePolygamy Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages Polygamy is the practice of having more than one spouse and is culturally accepted in many parts of the world, but is illegal in the United States. There are two well known forms of polygamy, both of which are still presently practiced in numerous cultures globally, polygyny and polyandry. These practices take place in societies where it is important to have either more men or more women in a families’ household based on the kind of environment they reside in. This paper is going to take a lookRead MoreAnthropology 101834 Words   |  4 Pages1. How do anthropologists define marriage? What types of marriage are also identified? Also, watch one of the films in the course playlist pertaining to polygamy. Remember to think like an anthropologist and provide advantages and disadvantages to each type of marriage. Marriage can be defined as a legal union of people coming together, combing their resources, and committing to their partner(s). It functions more than just a union of two people and may have a much broader significance than theRead MoreMarriage Is The Central And Most Important Social Institution1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is a form of union between two people, in which comes with love, respect, responsibilities, mutual conjugal rights, and a family. In many cultures, marriage is the central and most important social institution. In varies in many ways such as rituals, weddings, anniversaries, and as many things in life come to an end, divorce. Across cultures, there will be different forms of marriages, some may be out of societies norms and some can be the right thing to do when it comes to culture. PolygamyRead MoreThe Impact of Polygamy on Womens Mental Health1900 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Sciences field as it raises an issue of women’s marginalization and oppression being a part of polygamy implementation in society. In contemporary world when the women rights movements and feminism ideology play a prominent role in the international community, polygamy and its effects on women cannot remain unnoticed. Functioning on a base of religious beliefs, culture or traditions, polygamy in many communities is considered as an inevitable part of people’s lives. Therefore, it is importantRead MoreReligion And The Cultural Traditions863 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion and the cultural traditions are two extremely different aspects of Islamic life (Jaafar-Mohammad). For marriage to be considered an act of worship to Allah, or God, it must be combination of mutual love and respect (Jaafar-Mohammad). Another form of worship is the emotional and sexual expressions shared bet ween husband and wife (Jaafar-Mohammad). â€Å"The Islamic term for marriage [is] nikah†, which literally means sexual intercourse (Husain). The Quran also has openly recommended sex, â€Å"†¦whenRead MoreHow Opponents to Gay Marriage Offer Illusory Arguments1242 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿How Opponent to Gay Marriage offer Illusory Arguments The book The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us by Chabris and Simons truly makes a strong case for how six different types of illusions (or beliefs) truly disserve the human population. The six common illusions that the book discusses are the illusion of memory, the illusion of confidence, the illusion of knowledge, the illusion of cause and the illusion of potential. Chabris and Simon argue that one can see these illusions atRead MoreAmerican Society: Ideal versus Real Essays1221 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican family looks like. In 2013, 40% to 50% of marriages end in divorce and the rates for subsequent marriages is even higher (Marriage Divorce). Divorce alone can account for most differences in the ideal and real American family. The families no longer are united under one roof as drawn in the pictures. In addition, parents are no longer always a male and a female. Homosexual couples may choose to adopt and have their own families. Polygamy also causes in variatio ns of the ideal American family

Diary Entry free essay sample

Father doesn’t agree that we should go back to Berlin. â€Å"Karl’s not here and Daniel’s not here and Martin’s not here and there are no other houses around us and no fruit and vegetable stalls and no streets and no cafes with tables outside and no one to push you from pillar to post on a Saturday afternoon. † This place is just horrible. But I am shameful that I spoke to father in such disrespect. I didn’t really mean it, I just wanted father to know how horrible this place is and how nobody is ever going to happy here and we should really move back to the house in Berlin. I was really surprised that I shouted at father, I didn’t even know that I was going to shout at father. It was a complete surprise to me. I thought father was going to get really angry and I was even ready to make a run for it but nothing seemed to make father angry today. We will write a custom essay sample on Diary Entry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If I were to be honest with myself, I would have admitted that father rarely became angry. Instead he became distant and quiet and always had his way in the end anyway and rather than shouting at him or chasing him around the house, he just shook his head and indicated that their debate was at an end. Before leaving father’s office I asked him a final question but there was no point because I didn’t even understand what he meant. I asked him about the people that I can see from my bedroom window and he said that they aren’t even people. So who could they be? Father also said that I have nothing in common with those people and should stay clear from them. Then our conversation was finally to an end. I wish we go back home quickly and meet grandmother and grandfather and of course, my friends.

Summary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism Essay Example For Students

Summary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism Essay W. H Atkins published in 1952. One major development in this age is the adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Mediterranean region. Roman Catholicism prevailed in Western Europe. Classical elements were absorbed in the Medieval Age, sometimes modified and later became a part of it. Many pagan literature were incorporated into the medieval ethos(character). The critical terms in vogue during the Classical Age were popular with the writers of the age and they even followed the prescriptions on the art of composition as laid down by the rhetoricians of the previous age. We will write a custom essay on Summary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Medieval Criticism systematically classified literature under grammar, rhetoric and poetry. The Medieval Age developed a systematic poetic grammar. The term grammar meant the science of correct speaking and reading curriculum for poets which was for the formation of the basis of literary creation and development eloquent speech. This grammar curriculum provided for the humbugging influence in the Middle Ages. Another form of criticism was prosody; the study of versification and scansion. Prosody was meant to provide basic training for prospective poets in the basic poetic forms. Horace had a clear influence on the Middle Ages. There was always a debate as to which logic or grammar should gain precedence over the other. Poetry was considered a prophecy or revelation and was equal to philosophy in the Old World. A considerable amount of medieval criticism dealt with biblical criticism and mysticism and allegorical reading of works. The poets were theologians and their poetry was the overflow of moments of inspiration. Poetry existed with and in grammar, rhetoric, logic and philosophy. Medieval criticism may be divided into five broad periods:- 1 . Late Classical (1st century BC to 7th century AD). 2. Carolingian (8th century to 10th century). . Scholastic (13th century to 14th century). 5. Humanist (14th century to 16th century). Medieval theory was based on a divine plan in which the function of literature was supposed to help and individual to become a better Christian. Though the Middle Ages were a dark period, there are some works which tell us that these were the ones that prepared the ground for Renais sance thought, and later, a continuous critical tradition. There was an educational system following the Roman model which encouraged cultivation of poetry. A critical climate developed slowly. There were a few works of notable significance. In the 7th century, Bed and Alicia expounded grammar, logic and Biblical and Christian poetry. In the 12th century, John Salisbury and a few classical theorists infused life into literary studies. In the 13th century Geoffrey of Finials and Josh Garland taught techniques in poetic composition using manuals, theorizing at its infancy. Roger Bacon and Richard of Bury kindled enthusiasm for poetry and literature. The Owl and the Nightingale(circa 1210) written by and unknown poem, a debate poem is the earliest surviving English lyrics of medieval period expressing a native and pure English sensibility. The strength of the poem lies in its use of the vernacular. The employment of colloquial language as spoken by the common people, and the proverbs used in the dialogue carry the age-old wisdom of the English nation. This can be seen as a forerunner of the movement towards the use of the vernacular in English poetry. Dante Aligner (1256-1321) too defended the use of the native or vernacular medium rather than the courtly Latin for literary composition. He set an example in composing Divine Comedic in Italian, thus establishing spoken dialect for use in serious epic poetry. According to him, secular poetry also had hierarchy of four levels of meanings corresponding to the four levels f scriptural exegesis the literal, the allegorical, moral and spiritual. He maintained that it was essential for a practicing critic to analyses and understand the literal sense first before he moved on to more appealing and edifying senses of higher levels of symbolic or esoteric meaning. The term Renaissance is of Italian origin meaning rebirth or reawakening. .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .postImageUrl , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:hover , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:visited , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:active { border:0!important; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:active , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Italian vs. Northern Renaissance ArtIt stands for the historical rebirth of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The movement initially started in Italy and later spread to France, Germany, England and other European countries. There are two views regarding the Renaissance movement One view is that the Europeans believed they have discovered the greatness and superiority of the ancient Greek and Roman culture after the dark Middle Age. The other view is that the Renaissance was not an abrupt movement, but had its roots established even during the medieval times and the movement was one of gradual progression. There was a revival in the study of arts and literature, sparked by an interest in Greek and Roman literature of the Classical Age. The classics were reinterpreted by Italian men of letters. The widening of the horizon of knowledge was accelerated by ringing technology. The focus of interest in study shifted from abstract notions such dignity associated with him became the subject of study,. Literary criticism during Renaissance was tasked with Justifying imaginative literature. The basic belief was that literature was the by- product of theology or philosophy. Literature was not evaluated through criteria. The yard stick for Judging poetry was neither literary nor critical. During the Renaissance, a large body of literature of the past was recovered and the real task was to establish Justifiable considerations by which these works could be Justly estimated. One other task was to seek a Just and proper answer to Plats refutation and objections raised in his dialogues and the Republic. Many Renaissance scholars successfully answered these charges by blaming the artist and not the art. Those who abuse art and betray the sacred office of art should be banished from all commonwealth. Renaissance criticism took upon itself the prime duty of uniting and reconciling the best elements in Aristotle and Horace and establishing literary criticism as an independent field of study. Prominent Renaissance critics are Patriarch, Scalier, Minotaur, Biochip and the Italian Roberto and Castellated. The greatest and most important work of this age is Kidneys Apologia for Poetry. Elizabethan criticism exhibits two traits. First, there is in existence a complete body of critical works of the Renaissance and secondly, it shares several characteristics with the works of other European countries associated with the Renaissance. English Renaissance is not an isolated phenomenon. It exhibits a clear line of progression falling into the following demarcations. There are mostly rhetorical studies of literature in the first stage of evolution. Thomas Willows Art of Rhetoric (1553) is probably the first work of criticism in English language. Roger Chasms Schoolmaster(1 568) and Richard Towels Towels Miscellany(1 559) are two other important works. The English came to learn that form and style were important considerations in literary appreciation. It was during this period that English poetry was Italianized too great extent. The second phase was a period when attention was paid to the metrics and metrical patterns in poetical composition. Art of English Poesies(1 589) by Richard Pathname and Discourse of English Poetry(1 586) by Mary Webb are the earliest works on classification of meter, and the introduction of classical meters into the English language. The third stage is the stage of philosophical criticism. Among the most prominent works of apologetic criticism of this period are Sir Phillip Kidneys Apologia for Poetry(1 583). Thomas Champions Art of English Poesy(1602) and Samuel Daniels Defended of Rhyme(1605). The fourth stage belonged to the first half of the 17th century. Ben Johnson was the important fugue during this period. He was a classicist. If Sidney taught poetry, then Johnson taught it. There is an unmistakable influence of Italian criticism here. This stage opens up a new dimension in English literary criticism when the French came on the scene. .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .postImageUrl , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:hover , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:visited , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:active { border:0!important; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:active , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World History Renaissance Ch. 11A patriotic spirit inspired this period. Some of its characteristic features were a devotion to the national cause, commitment to classicism in a pure form and the faith that art should imitate nature. John Dryden, the poet laureate was With its emphasis on humanism based on the idea that people are rational beings and its faith in the dignity and worth of the individual, the Renaissance was a period of intellectual ferment that prepared the ground for later thinkers who arrived on the literary scene during the period of Enlightenment.

Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essays

Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essays Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essay Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essay The history of Anabolic Steroids starts in early 1930 s when a squad of scientists created a man-made signifier of testosterone ( a male endocrine ) . Clinically it been used to assist handle work forces who are unable to bring forth sufficiency of the testosterone endocrine for themselves. During the war it was used by solders to assist increase weight and better public presentation. After the war the Anabolic Steroids received widespread attending by jocks. In 1954 during the Olympics, Soviet jocks and grapplers achieved a high degree of public presentation with the usage of man-made signifier of testosterone. Subsequently in 1956 Dianabol ( Methandrostenolone ) was foremost created by an American doctor ( Dr. Zeigler ) selective signifier known as Anabolic Steroids. In the 70 s, steroids became widespread among non merely Olympic jocks, but besides athleticss participants. The International Olympic Committee in 1975 banned the usage of Anabolic Steroids and it was added to the list of disqualified substances from Olympic Games. Subsequently in 1988 a new jurisprudence was past and it became a new ordinance as portion of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. There were strong punishments for anyone caught merchandising or in the ownership of any steroids at that clip. Today the Steroids usage is on the addition and gross revenues are still prevailing. [ 2 ] Subsequently on in the study of American Universities it was shown that the big sum of college jocks where the chief Steroids maltreaters. In 1980 20 % of college jocks were utilizing Anabolic Steroids. In 1989 studies estimate that there were nationally more than 500,000 maltreaters and more than 1 million were in the United States. This is what led to the categorization of all anabolic steroids as a Controlled Dangerous Substance. [ 3 ] Methods of Use There are three common signifiers in which Anabolic Steroids can be administered. Anabolic steroids can be injected by utilizing a needle. These Injectable Steroids can be divided into two classs, which are soluble in oils and Waterss. They are normally injected straight into the blood watercourse ( intravenously ) or into the musculus ( intramuscularly ) . [ 4 ] Another manner in which Anabolic Steroids can be administered is unwritten. Anabolic steroids can be absorbed from the GI piece of land, but many compounds will be inactive due to first-pass metamorphosis in the liver and merely about 1/6 will be available in active signifier. [ 5 ] Topical path of disposal besides can be used to present a steady dosage of Anabolic Steroids through the tegument and into the blood stream. The chief job is that the soaking up is inefficient ( approximately 10 % , changing between persons ) and these interventions are more expensive than others. [ 4 ] Pharmacokineticss A T Kicman ( 2008 ) explains the soaking up of Anabolic Steroid. After an Anabolic Steroid is administered orally there is a rapid addition in its concentration in the blood in the undermentioned few hours. Absorption of testosterone starts from the little bowels and base on ballss through the vena to the liver where is quickly metabolised, normally to inactive compounds. For the activation of unwritten activity it requires a 17?-alkyl group, because it can forestall prevents inactivation of the steroid by first-pass metamorphosis by sterically impeding oxidization of the 17?-hydroxyl group. The C-1 is attached to methyl group can assist confabulate unwritten activity. The rate of soaking up from hypodermic or intramuscular terminals depends on the merchandise and its preparation. Absorption is slow for the lipid-soluble esters and for greasy suspensions. The esters include: cyclohexylpropionate, decanoate, laurate and phenylpropionate for Durabolin ; ethanoate, cypionate, decanoate, enanthate, isocaproate, phenylpropionate, propionate and undecanoate for testosterone, undecylenate for boldenone and ethanoate for trenbolone. Besides Kicman, A T ( 2008 ) states that the continuance of action of the esters depends upon the rate of soaking up from the site of disposal. The continuance of action of the esters depends upon the rate of soaking up from the site of disposal. This is dependent on the concatenation length of the acerb mediety and besides the preparation, being related to the divider coefficient of the derived functions between the oil used in the preparation and plasma. However, the longer the concatenation the more easy the readying is rel eased into circulation. Transdermal preparations are constantly testosterone based, lawfully designed for replacing therapy, and include the patch and hydroalcoholic gels, to be applied on a day-to-day footing. The Anabolic Steroids are extremely protein edge. Unconjugated steroids in plasma are bound to bearer proteins. Albumin bounds to plasma with corticosteroid-binding globulin ( CBG ) sometimes called sex steroid-binding protein. The free fraction ( 1-10 % of entire plasma concentration ) is normally considered to stand for the biologically active fraction ( i.e. endocrine that is straight available for action ) , although this thought has been challenged by recent grounds that, in some instances at least, the specific binding proteins may ease steroid entry into mark tissues. Apart from the two maps mentioned above, the major functions of plasma binding proteins seem to be ( a ) to move as a buffer or reservoir for active endocrines ( because of the non-covalent nature of the binding, protein-bound steroids are released into the plasma in free signifier every bit shortly as the free concentration beads harmonizing to the jurisprudence of aggregate action ) and ( B ) to protect the endocrine from peripheral metamorphosis ( notably by liver enzymes ) and increase the half life of biologically active signifiers. The metamorphosis of testosterone can be discussed as a basic metabolic tract for all man-made AAS. The enzymes that convert testosterone to its distinguishable metabolites are besides active towards AAS when similar groups and constellations are present. The metamorphosis of testosterone has been investigated in assorted tissues in vivo and in vitro in several carnal theoretical accounts and in clinical surveies in worlds [ 16-20 ] . Several of these surveies were performed with [ 4G } testosterone to place possible testosterone metabolites unequivocally. Overviews on the high figure of metabolites have been published [ 21, 22 ] . The chief excreted testosterone metabolites 3 a-hydroxy-5 a-androstan17-one ( androsterone ) , 3 a-hydroxy-5 j3-androstan-17-one ( etio cholanolone ) , 3f3-hydroxy-5 a-androstan-17-one ( epiandros terone ) , 5a-androstane-3 a, 1713-diol, 5f3-androstane-3 a, 17f3 glycol, and 5ts-androstane-3f3,17f3-diol are detected in everyday piss samples for drug testing and are portion of the alleged steroid profiling. These most abundant metabolites are pro duced by oxidoreductive reactions at C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-17. Hydroxylated metabolites generated by different isoenzymes of 5a-reductase / 5 A ; -reductase 44 5a-isomer 51! -isomer Foradoriet Al (2008 ) states that metamorphosis of Anabolic Steroids takes topographic point chiefly in the liver and involves some alterations, which are by and large grouped into two sorts of metamorphosis, stage I and phase II, and besides the formation of conjugates. To trip the drug and to ease its riddance from the organic structure stage I reactions normally convert the steroid by enzymatically catalyzed reactions ( e.g. , oxidization, decrease, or hydroxylation ) into more polar compounds. Conjugation reactions, which are Phase II reactions, act to match the anabolic steroid or its metabolite with glucuronic acid or sulfate. Conjugation helps riddance of the steroid from the organic structure and both junction reactions are enzymatically controlled. Wochenschr, M. W. ( 1993 ) says that elimination of the compound and its metabolites takes topographic point via the piss about 90 % and 6 % via the fecal matters, normally taking several yearss to wholly go through through the system. Steroids chiefly are oxidized by cytochrome 450 enzymes and this reaction allows the building to be broken up by other enzymes doing a concluding merchandise gall acids. Rang, H.P.et Al( 1999 ) states that half life of Anabolic Steroids is really short about 10-21 proceedingss. Pharmacodynamics From the scientific discipline point of position Shahidi N.T. provinces testosterone activated via androgens receptors which are the scope of tissues in the human organic structure particularly in generative tissue, musculus and fat including bone, skeletal musculus, encephalon, liver, kidney, and adipocytes. Testosterone diffuses into cell as it is lipid soluble bounds to a particular receptor which presented in the cytosol of cells and together they organizing a composite that moves into nucleus and binds there particular deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) sections ( Figure 2 ) . This leads for the activation of specific courier ribonucleic acid ( messenger RNA ) to increase transit and rate of protein synthesis. To reiterate this procedure legion times prior to metamorphosis, the transit procedure has to be completed and receptor composite have to dissociated and recycled together with the endocrine. This anabolic action of testosterone seems to be chiefly because of the action of test osterone with the androgen receptor in anabolic-responsive tissues. Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) is a compound that occurs naturallyinmales and females as a consequence of the action of the enzyme 5?-reductase on testosterone, besides has the same androgenic consequence which are balanced through the same androgen receptors in androgen-responsive tissues. DHT will non foster cut down and it s non a replacement for the aromatase procedure, therefore it s non converted to estrogenic metabolites. The probes shows that DHT to exercise 3-4 times the androgenic consequence of testosterone in to receptors in tissues, such as scalp, tegument, and prostate and that s because its binds intensely. Therefore the 5-alpha decreased DHT as a consequence of a primary endocrine equilibrating the androgenic effects of testosterone. The procedures where the Anabolic Steroids have effects that are both direct and indirect: anti-glucocorticoid activity, every bit good as growing in the creatine phosphokinase activity in skeletal musculus. It is now believed that the mechanisms may play a more of import function in the anabolic/anticatabolic actions of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Largely all androgen receptors are engaged at physiologic testosterone degrees. In healthy jocks supraphysiologic doses of testosterone or AAS would hold no increased anabolic consequence, unless other mechanisms of action existed. hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/128655-overview # aw2aab6b7 Side effects The chief side effects Anabolic Steroids include weight addition, unstable keeping, and unnatural liver map. Harmonizing to Mottram and Gunnell ( 1993 ) the side effects on hormonal system in adult females are: expansion of the button, growing of facial hair, deepening of the voice. Depends on the dosage, catamenial abnormalities will happen. In childs and males the side effects can be related to perturbation of normal bone growing and development, besides it can do serious unwanted effects such as shrinkage of the testiss, reduced sperm count, sterility, phalacrosis, development of chests, and increased hazard for prostate malignant neoplastic disease ( Table 1 ) . On both sexes Anabolic Steroids have side effects on musculoskeletal system ( short stature ( if taken by striplings ) , tendon rupture ) ; besides it can do cardiovascular system upsets ( additions in LDL, decreases in HDL, high blood force per unit area, bosom onslaughts, expansion of the bosom s left ventricle ) . Anabolic Steroids can take to liver tumors, kidney failure, tegument ( terrible acne and cysts, oily scalp, icterus, unstable keeping ) and serious psychiatric jobs. Normally steroids are injected, so the users who portion acerate leafs or utilize non unfertile techniques frequently are at hazard for undertaking unsafe infections, such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C. [ 6 ] Table 1 Side effects of Anabolic Steroids Long-run Short-run Hiv Acne LIVER FAILURE SHRUNKEN TESTICLES CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS Gynecomastia STUNTED GROWTH High BLOOD PRESSURE LIGAMENT AND JOINT INJURY HIGH CHOLESTEROL WEIGHT PROBLEMS LIVER MALFUNCTION NEUROLOGICAL ISSUES ENLARGED PROSTATE REDUCED SPERM COUNT BALDING Behavioral effects Anabolic Steroid maltreatment can besides hold an consequence on behavior. Harmonizing to the book Drug in athletics the force per unit area to execute the major temper syndromes may beassociatedwith anabolic steroid usage, including passion or hypomania ( passion of a mild type ) during exposure and depressive symptoms. Depression, which can be dangerous, frequently is seen when the drugs are stopped and may lend to the continued usage of anabolic steroids. It besides can be subscribed with aggression, antisocial, violent behavior, and violent offense particularly in high-dose users. Some jocks claim they feel more competitory and aggressive, others may experience they shouldrun quicker as they are on anabolic steroids. This is because Anabolic Steroids act in a portion of the encephalon called the limbic system, which influences temper and is besides involved in larning and memory ( Tortoraet Al.,2006 p.314 ) . On another manus its ever was hard once and for all make obvious that Anabolic Steroids or Testosterone are responsible for the aggressiveness. Some hunts shows that there are no nexus between offense because of Steroids straight consequence on the encephalon, but because the maltreaters have been affected by extended media attending to the nexus between steroids and aggression. Harmonizing to this theory, the maltreaters are utilizing this possible nexus as an alibi to perpetrate aggressive Acts of the Apostless and belongings offenses. One manner to separate between these two possibilities is to administrate either high steroid doses or placebo for yearss or hebdomads to human voluntaries and so inquire the people to describe on their behavioral symptoms. To day of the month, four such surveies have been conducted. In three, high steroid doses did bring forth greater feelings of crossness and aggression than did placebo ; but in one survey, the drugs did non hold that consequence. One possible account, harmonizing to research workers, is that some but non all anabolic steroids addition crossness and aggression. ( http: //www.4therapy.com/life-topics/substance-abuse/what-effects-do-anabolic-steroids-have-behavior-2546 ) 2011 22/02/2011. Clinical utilizations of anabolic steroids Mottram and Gunnell ( 1993 ) discussed the clinical utilizations of Anabolic Steroids. First of all the Steroids can be used in replacing therapy in work forces, where the AAS may be given to excite sexual development in delayed pubescence. After when all full sexual prime of life is reached it can be stopped. In some instances Anabolic Steroids may be given if testiss were surgically removed, due to physical injures or because of tumor and replacing therapy would be for life in patient. Another clinical usage of Anabolic Steroids is replacement therapy in adult females. As the point testosterone is necessary in adult females every bit good as work forces. However this therapy can be used for the immature females, which fails to release oesradiol, Lipo-Lutin and testosterone. After the disposal of testosterone sex thrust and sexual features will be restored. Anabolic Steroids are used to handle gynecological conditions in adult females utilizing Steroids on a long term base. Some side effects will happen such as fickle menses and a signifier of male secondary features. Some beginnings show that sometimes AAS can be used to quash lactation, after childbearing. Besides that category of drugs can be used to suppress the loss of protein and assistance musculus regeneration after major surgery, and in enfeebling upsets, such as muscular dystrophy ( cachexy ) , weight loss due to alcoholic hepatitis and even can be utile in some types of liver failure if it s associated weight loss. The intervention of anemia with Anabolic Steroids in a big doses been proved and it s more effectual so in the other therapies. These therapies are non recommended for the females, due to side effects such as masculinising. Anabolic Steroids are sometimes used to handle anaemia normally in big doses. Some grounds was provided that osteoporosis can be treated with Steroids. In male childs who have failed to make their expected higher for they age, these categories of drugs may be used to increase growing. In modern medical specialty AAS are used testosterone replacing in patient with HIV infection. For that instance AAS are used such as oxandrolone, Durabolin, and oxymetholone for increasing Lean Body Mass ( LBM ) and weigh addition. AAS, testosterone esters, Durabolin, stanozolol, and oxandrolone can be treated in lesions and burn healing, due to collagen synthesis and the activity of cuticular fibroblasts. In patient with chronic nephritic disease the AAS can be utile. hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/128655-overview # aw2aab6b72008 Are anabolic steroids addictive? Sing to the different beginnings which been provided and investigated in a average clip the Steroid maltreaters may go addicted to the drug. Some grounds shows that excess big doses of Steroids can impact the encephalon and make mental alterations. Universities researches indicate that the long-run users have symptoms of drug dependence, besides it s been developed that dependance on Anabolic Steroids accrued. Another mark indicate to the drug addictiveness that Steroids maltreaters spend big sum of money and clip to obtain the drug. New hunts shows that depression is a most unsafe symptom, because its can take to the self-destruction efforts. Therefore it can non be left untreated, because steroids backdown can transport on for a twelvemonth or more after the maltreater halt taking the Steroids. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/steroids/anabolicsteroids5.html # habit-forming Drug Torahs in UK Anabolic Steroids in the United Kingdom are controlled under Schedule IV Part 2 of the Misuse of Drugs Act ; the Act includes most of the anabolic steroids and human growing endocrine. The jurisprudence defines a series of offenses, including improper supply, purpose to provide, import or export ( all these are jointly known as trafficking offenses ) , and improper production. A Home Office license is required for importing and exportation of anabolic steroids, except in instances of little measures for legitimate intents. [ 7 ] However Anabolic Steroids classified as a category C drug and could take to 14 old ages in prison and limitless mulct.

Australian Healthcare System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Australian Healthcare System - Essay Example ,2012).Regardless of the fact that the Australian government has been endeavoring to tackle this issue and has commissioned multidisciplinary teams to regions dwelt by the Aborigines ,disparities in health still persist because of economic, social, geographical, biological and cultural influences .The objective of this paper is presentation of a critical analysis of the present Australian Indigenous health care system, its past background and pressing issues that require immediate address (Kronenfeld,2009). The phrase Indigenous Australians means numerous Aboriginal together with Torres Strait Islander groups representing no less than 2.4 percent of Australia’s total population (Turale & Miller,2008).Significant gaps are present between the well-being and health of Indigenous Australians and the non-Indigenous ones (Department t of Health,2014;Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,2010;Department of Human Services,2014; Turale & Miller,2008 & Australian Government,2014).Thus, for example and as will be elaborated at length in following segments of this paper, by 2008,Indigeneous Australians’ life expectancy was on average lower than that of their non-Indigenous counterparts (Cerasa,2011).Furthermore, infant mortality amongst Indigenous populations is much high in comparison to the entire Australian population (Cerasa,2011).The absurdity in this case is that Australia has been ranked among countries with the lowest infant mortality by the Organisation for Economic Coo peration and Development(OECD) whereas the truth is that the number is particularly high for Indigenous Australians (Ceras,2011,& OECD,2014). Even though the Australian government seems to be trying hard to tackle these inequalities, Indigenous Australians’ healthcare programs are extremely splintered having no individually cohesive system set up to enhance Indigenous healthcare proactively (Willis, et al, 2012). At present ,the Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Social class Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social class - Term Paper Example Though religion has been modified and seems to sustain a much less influential presence in modern society, it is still very much relevant for predicting certain social attitudes and behaviors. There is a well-known sociological theory known as symbolic interactionism which views society as being composed of symbols that are used by people to develop their world view and assist in communications with one another (Henslin, 24). This theory believes that people develop their sense of self based on cultural, environmental or lifestyle symbols and then relate these to the process of building self-identity amongst broader society. Religion has been a fundamental symbol for generations, inspiring art, music, architecture, and glorious church construction. These symbols â€Å"are a great heritage of beauty to all humankind† (Diessner, Solom, Frost, Parsons & Davidson, 304). Under the symbolic interactionism theory, people with a strong commitment to recognizing and esteeming religious principles would find meaning in this pursuit by exposure to these long-standing sociological principles and design constructs. Finding a sense of self beauty through recognition of these rel igious symbols would theoretically assist in developing a positive self-concept measured by symbolic figures rather than through, necessarily, social interaction with others. Traditional religious beliefs include Confucianism, a passive religious belief system that imposes learning, duty, responsibility and tolerance as part of its model (Zhang & Veenhoven, 428). Confucianism believes in self-reflection as part of daily lifestyle and acts as the precondition for improving oneself. The religious symbols such as music and church architecture provide a form of stability and an environment in which to seek perfection. It represents finding commonality with religious icons and through this effort finding their place in the world historically and in modern culture. The goal of communing with

This House believes dumbing down Essay Example for Free

This House believes dumbing down Essay Is harming children. It is my belief that television has overstepped its boundaries. It is my belief that children are becoming desensitised towards violence. It is my belief that this is to stop. What if I was to tell you that there are, today, half as many art programmes as there were in 1992? What if I was to tell you that current affairs programmes have fallen by more than a third? The truth is that all television executives want to do is make money, they do not want to provide a service, and they do not want to make the world a better place. And the reason that these programmes do not make money is the change of our childrens cultures. They no longer want to watch a programme that is educational; they would rather watch meaningless rubbish that caters for the intellectually challenged. I know this because I am guilty of it. I would much rather watch the ninth series of friends than watch the news, and I would much rather watch the Simpsons than watch an art programme. Let me describe to you a period. In this time period television is useful; shows provide a public service whilst still maintaining good ratings. In this time television has a purpose, which it lacks in this modern time. This time was when television was first produced. Its maker intended it to inform the masses about day-to-day events and problems, but this ideal has spiralled out of control. Your children are becoming desensitised, not only to sex, regularly displayed before the watershed, but to violence as well. Children growing up will become young men, and these young men will copy what theyve seen on television. You all know what impressionable young children are capable of. It has happened recently; a trio of gangsters, barely twenty, gunned down two innocent girls at a New Year party as a result of gang warfare. These people have to get their ideals somewhere, and if they are not in a strong family they will look to other mediums for guidance, like television, like videogames, and they will think the things are idols do are alright. Let me tell you this is not the case! Just recently there has been a story running in Coronation Street of a murderer and a drug dealer, and in the final episode two people were graphically murdered with a crowbar! And this was at seven thirty, well before the watershed. We are in the year of the couch potato. 78 % of people under sixty in the United Kingdom watch more television than read books. And if this television is of the aforementioned quality then this disturbs me. What about the literary skills that will be wasted? TV Quiz shows such as the weakest link and Who wants to be a millionaire, which value, random factual knowledge over, deeper understanding are creating a generation of vacuous teenagers, according to a leading Headmaster. Dr Giles Mercer, head of Prior park College in Bath believes that unless teenagers are fed a more demanding diet by the media they will become cynical about politics and apathetic about voting. So television is actually harming your children. So think of the children brought up to watch soaps rather than read a good book, which provides entertainment whilst also benefiting the child involved. But as long as we are entertained, right? Wrong! Television has pushed its limits; certainly there have been some events worthy of recognition, but in the main the programmes shown are demolishing our morals, they are making us complacent about the world around us. Not many people could argue Jerry Springer has a positive impact on our nations youth. If we were to believe everything television told us then we would all be certain that bombing Iraq is the right thing to do. The remaining factual programmes are often biased and do not show the big picture, e. g. what about the refugees, what about the children, are they part of Saddams regime? There are people who believe, as I do, that television could be beneficial for us; Tess Alps, deputy chairman of the media agency writes, I believe that the recent dumbing down of programmes and relaxation of censorship is wrong. Television could be successful, and informative but Television chiefs just dont want to see it.

Oppression of the Black Community as Depicted in Langston Hughes Poem, Freedom Train :: Hughes Freedom Train Essays

Oppression of the Black Community as Depicted in Langston Hughes' Poem, Freedom Train The poem, "Freedom Train" not only demonstrates the state of oppression the black community faced in 1947 but uses historical events and movements of the era. Langston Hughes wrote this poem in response to the train called Freedom Train that carried historical documents across country on September 17, 1947. On board the train was the Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights, and a draft of the Constitution. The reader gathers from the poem, the setting takes place in the South during the recent announcement of the Freedom Train's departure. The narrator is a black man who has just heard about the Freedom Train. Immediately a visual came to mind of a man standing in the streets on a hot September day rejoicing and questioning the arrival of the Freedom Train. A million ideas and thoughts run through the mind of the narrator in a short period of time. He expresses throughout the poem so many questions and concerns regarding the Freedom Train. The main concern of the narrator is th e true meaning of "freedom" behind the Freedom Train. He questions whether or not this freedom is meant for him or if it's the freedom of the white man. He says in stance thirty, "What shall I tell my children?...You tell me-Cause freedom ain't freedom when a man ain't free". Personally, I believe this to be most profound statement in the entire poem. From the narrator's perspective, a man isn't truly free if he doesn't have the same rights as a man with white skin. He continues to question who the Freedom Train is really coming for. Will the blacks be sincerely welcome on this train? He ask in stance twenty: "When it stops in Mississippi will it be made plain Everybody's got a right to board the Freedom Train? After reading the poem a few times, I concluded that the narrator really wants freedom for all, which will not happen unless there is racial equality. The statement made in stance fifty and sixty backs this idea up because he states: "For the Freedom Train will be yours and mine!", "Black men and white men will say, Ain't this fine?" This expresses his hope and concern for everyone, not just the black race. The narrator refers to the term Jim Crow throughout the poem.

A Study on Job Satisfaction of Employee

A STUDY ON JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES CONTENTS |Sl. No. |Title |Page No. | |1. Introduction |1 – 5 | | | |Statement of the Problem |1 | | | |Objectives of the Study |1 | | | |Scope and Significance of the Study |2 | | | |Research Methodology |2 | | | |Limitations of the Study |4 | | | |Chapteraisation |4 | |2. Profiles |6 – 17 | | | |Industry profile |6 | | | |Company profile |8 | | | |Product profile |13 | |3. |Theoretical Framework |18 – 28 | |4. |Analysis and Interpretation |29 – 40 | |5. |Findings and Recommendations |41 – 42 | |6. Summary |43 | | |Bibliography | | | |Appendix | | LIST OF TABLES |Table |Description |Page No. | | | | | |4. 1 |Score of Various Attributes |30 | |4. 2 |Score of Various Attributes |31 | |4. |Score of Various Attributes |32 | |4. 4 |Score of Various Attributes |33 | |4. 5 |Gender of Respondents |34 | |4. 6 |Educational Qualification |35 | |4. 7 |Experience of the Respondents |36 | |4. 8 |Age of the Res pondents |37 | |4. |Marital Status of the Respondents |38 | | | | | LIST OF FIGURES |Figure |Description |Page No. | | | | | |4. 1 |Score of Various Attributes |30 | |4. 2 |Score of Various Attributes |31 | |4. 3 |Score of Various Attributes 32 | |4. 4 |Score of Various Attributes |33 | |4. 5 |Gender of Respondents |34 | |4. 6 |Educational Qualification |35 | |4. 7 |Experience of the Respondents |36 | |4. 8 |Age of the Respondents |37 | |4. |Marital Status of the Respondents |38 | | | | | Chapter I Introduction Introduction ? Statement of the problem ? Objectives of the Study ? Scope and Significance of the Study ? Research Methodology ? Limitation of the Study ? Chapterisation Chapter III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Chapter IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Chapter V SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter VI SUMMARY APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter IIPROFILES Industry Profile ? Company Profile ? Product Profile INTRODUCTION A study was conducted at, WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS, VALAPAT TANAM, the largest integrated wood processing complex in the country on Job Satisfaction of the employees. Job satisfaction is a set of favorable or unfavorable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work. Job satisfaction is an affective attitude — a feeling of relative like or dislike toward something. Job satisfaction typically refers to the attitudes of a single employee. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Western India Plywoods has been incurring losses in the last few years. Health, knowledge, skill level etc. f employees are significant factors that can influence the fate of an organization. The causes of business failure may be internal and external, mostly by people related issues. This study attempts at finding the current level of job satisfaction of employees at Western India Plywoods and what it means for its turnaround. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Main Objective The main objective is to study the satisfaction level of workers with respect to various factors. Su b-Objectives ? To study the employee perception about personnel policies. ? To identify ways of improving job satisfaction, if possible. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is limited to the workers at the WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS.It is conducted with the objective of finding various factors affecting the job satisfaction of workers in the company. This study in its practical and theoretical sense will help the management in assessing the satisfaction level of the workers. Job satisfaction of the employees is the major concern of every organization. Dissatisfied employees is a major threat to the company causing a decline in every functions of the company. So the study on the job satisfaction of the employees gains more importance and significance in the sense that it affects productivity and hence the existence of the company. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design . The study conducted at WESTERN INDIA PLYWOODS was descriptive in nature.It aims at portraying accurately the c haracteristics of a group or situation. Sampling Design The technique adopted for the sampling is convenient sampling . Sample Size and population The workers of Western India Plywoods constituted the population for the study. It has 900 permanent workers. The sample selected for the study is limited to 50 for convenience. Study Variables The following variables were selected for the study ? Gender of respondents ? Age of respondents ? Educational qualification ? Experience of employees ? Time spent with family ? Wage level ? Opinion about promotion policy, job security, recognition, work place relationship, etc was also included. Methods of Data CollectionData were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from the workers by means of Questionnaire and the secondary data were compiled from past records, journals and the Internet. Tools of Data Collection Questionnaire was prepared to collect the relevant data. Major variables such as promotional factors, motivational factors, personal factors and environmental factors were considered while preparing questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared after an initial discussion with a few employees, HR manager, trade union representatives etc. For the questionnaire, closed -end questions were used. Data Analysis and InterpretationThe data analysis and presentation were done using mean, chi-square test, frequency tables, bar charts and pie-diagram. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ? Chances of bias from the respondents cannot be neglected. ? Qualitative study poses a problem of proper articulation of feelings and emotions. In an organizational context superior behaviour may also affect quality of responses. CHAPTERISATION Chapter I Introduction deals with â€Å"introduction to the study†, â€Å"Statement of the Problem†, â€Å"Objectives of the Study†, â€Å"Scope and Significance of the Study†, â€Å"Research Methodology† and â€Å"Limitation of the S tudy†. Chapter II Profile deals with â€Å"Industry Profile†, â€Å"Company Profile†, and â€Å"product profile.Chapter III, â€Å"Theoretical Framework† of job satisfaction Chapter IV, Analysis and Interpretation deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from the respondents. Chapter V Summary, Findings and Recommendations deals with findings from the analysis and the suggestions based on the findings. CONCLUSION This chapter we presented the problem, objectives, scope and significance of the study. The research methodology and limitation of the study were also mentioned . The next chapter deals with profile of the company, its products and markets. INDUSTRY PROFILE INTRODUCTION According to archeologist, man’s cultural progress can be traced in the art of wood veneering.Relics, found in Egypt and Chinese tombs dating from 2002 BC indicate that veneering combines art and science. The 14th century witnessed the revival of art and brought to veneering a new figure and beauty. Today modern machinery and mass production technique produce veneers that are used to build nearly 80% of furniture. PLYWOOD INDUSTRY The necessity of making plywood arises out of the inherent defect in wood plywood in an engineered wood panel . made from thin layer of wood veneers assembled with grain direction of adjacent veneer as right angled to each other with layers of synthetic resins, adhesive and pressed under high heat and pressure, thus imparting a great degree of strength.It is dimensionally stable and strongest sheet material to weight ratio . It is technically designed to be strong and stiff enough to safely replace more than three times thick solid timber for the same use. It appears, plywood industry has become an innocent victim of gross misconception. The unfounded impression that this industry is exerting pressure on our natural resources is factually incorrect. It is in total disagreed to its excellent role as an economic substitute of solid wood and thus prevention of natural forest and ecology. Strangely enough the government desires that the use of aluminium, steel and plastic as substitute of solid wood in buildings may be encouraged.Similarly other substitute like wood based board and medium densified fiber board are claiming their superiority over plywood in terms of its functional use and ecology conservation role. PRODUCT PROFILE The company produces traditional general-purpose commercial and decorative plywood. In addition to that the company proudly presents an exciting range of specially plywood panels and materials for specific applications. 1. WESIND FIRE RETARDANT PLYWOOD This plywood is ideal for residential and non-residential building, transportation vehicles etc. This plywood meets the British Standards Specification and has been certified by the British Standard Institute. 2. WESTIND FIRE RETARDANT PLYWOODExperts in the aviation field have acclaimed this extra ordinary pr oduct of the Company for its unparalleled quality. This product has earned the recognition of the Directorate of Civil Aviation, Government of India, on its introduction itself. 3. WESTIND MARINE PLYWOOD Made of special category timber, this highly durable plywood ensures smooth sailing of vessels in the harsh marine environment. 4. WESTIND RESIN COATED PLYWOOD BWR plywood is coated with a special grade phenolic resin coated plywood's impart a superior finish to the concrete surface and avoid the tedious and expensive plastering operation. 5. WESTIND FLOORING BOARDS These boards have been developed using veneer hard board laminates.The boards have been given a social water repellent treatment and the unique is that they can be cut to nay size to suit the requirement of the floor area. It can be directly laid on a raw concrete floor by applying a thin coat of suitable adhesive. 6. WESTED FURNITURE WESTERN INDIA PLYWOOD specializes in exquisite and molded plywood furniture, which will exceed your expectations regarding strength and durability. WESTIND furniture is manufactured utilizing the finest building material available in the market. It is a matter of pride to WIP that the loose furniture in the Leela Goa project was entirely supplied by the company. It is made with a judicious blend of solid timber and composite panels to optimise strength and cost.The company adopts ultra modern technology to give the products of lasting value and elegance. 7. WESTED SUPTER BLOCK BOARDS Bonded with phenolic resing to produce by a special process with extra core. This product is free from warping and surface undulation. It is a superior to conventional block board and particle board. Its more stable than conventional block boards and its nailing and screw holding properties are superb. 8. WESTING COMPREG Densified and super toughened wood panel products made from veneers impregnated with synthetic resin adhesive and pressed at elevated temperatures and pressures. ? WIPWOO D – for textile and jute mill looms. ? WIPROC – for press forming tools in sheet metal and Aeronautical industries. WIPLAC-panels for rail coach furnishing. ? WIPBEAR-for rolls bearing application ? WIP FILTER PLATES AND FRAME WORKS – for filtration in Chemical industries. ? WIPCHECK-compressed floor board for Automobile, industrial and rail coach furnishing. ? WIPCOM-for high and low voltage insulation in air or in an oil bath. COMPREG MOULED CHAIR SEATS – for EMU rail coaches, Auditorium, Theatres and restaurants. The introduction of WIPLAC and a host of other innovative products underlie the company's commitment to the industry and provide reason for the luminous reputation in the country's larges integrated wood product company enjoys in domestic and international markets.In 1978, WIP set up a plant for manufacturing Di-ally phthalate molding powder, a thermo set which had to be imported with them. Significantly, the technology was developed in house with support from Shree Ram Institute of Industrial research, Delhi. In 1989, the Company put up a pre-finishing plant for direct printing wood grains and plain colours onto hard boards and plywood using radiation curved surface finishes. The pre-finishing plant is the only one of its kind in the country and one of the few in the world. All the raw materials and processes employed in the plant are 100% Eco-Friendly. The company's products are exported to quality conscious markets around the world. MARKETSThe Company has been passing through acute problems for sourcing good raw materials, the price of which increases almost on a daily basis. The main raw material for the company, i. e. , timber, is being exported and here again the company has no control over the price, which varies from shipment to shipment. The company has also no control over the levies being made by Central State Government. Also, the steep increase in cost of imported raw materials, the high power tariff and the ever increasing cost of Furnace oil and other petroleum products collectively put together rendered the company's products uncompetitive in the market. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY The energy conservation measures taken are as follows:Installed variable frequency drives for mating conveyors in No: II Hard board line to eliminate components like brakes, clutches, V-belts and inching motors. By retaining the existing motors, considerable power saving has been achieved. Optimized cooling tower operation by retrofitting and introduction of energy savers in cooling fans Installed level monitoring, closed loop control system for white water chest, and achieved optimisation in white water usage. Introduced automatic Delta Star running system for partial loaded motors in plywood and hardwood plants. The company has also achieved 100% utilization of source raw materials due to its integrated production system. Therefore, it would be apt to call the Western India Plywood's Ltd. â€Å"the company with a conscience. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION In this chapter theoretical aspect of job satisfaction is recorded. Job satisfaction reflects the extent to which people find gratification or fulfillment in their work. Job satisfaction is a combination of psychological and environmental factors that make a person to admit, I am happy at my job. Extensive Research on job satisfaction shows that personal factors such as individual's needs and aspirations determine his attitude, along with group and organizational factors such as relationship with co-workers and supervisors, working conditions, work policies, and compensation. DEFINITIONWe can define job satisfaction as involving cognitive, affective and evaluating reactions or attitudes and states it is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience. Job satisfaction is a result of employee's perception of how well their job provides those things that are viewed as important. Through the years five job dimensions have been identified to represent the most important characteristics of a job about which employees have affective responses. These are: ? The work itself: The extent to which the job provides the individual with interesting tasks, opportunities for learning and the chance to accept responsibility. Pay: The amount of financial remuneration that is received and the degree to which this is viewed as equitable that of others in the organization. ? Promotional opportunities. The chances for advancement in the organization. ? Supervision: The abilities of the supervisor to provide technical assistance and behavioral support. ? Co-workers: the degree to which fellow workers are technically proficient and socially supportive. There are number of factors that influence job satisfaction. However the main factors are: I. PROMOTIONAL FACTORS Promotional opportunities seem to have a varying effect on job satisfaction. This is because promotions take a numb er of different forms and have a variety of accompanying rewards.For example, individuals who are promoted on the basis of seniority often experience job satisfaction but not as much as those who are promoted on the basis of performance. A promotion is the transfer of an employee to a job which pays more money or one that carries same preferred status. A promotion may be defined as an upward advancement of an employee in an organization to another job, which commands better pay/wages, better status/prestige, and higher opportunities/challenges, responsibility, and authority, better working environment, hours of work and facilities, and a higher rank. A promotion is a vertical move in the rank and responsibility. Involved in a promotion may be some measure of skill; and responsibility. Promotions are usually given: ?To put the worker in a position where he will be of greater value to the company and where he may derive increased personal satisfaction and income from the work; ? To re cognize an individual's performance and reward him for his work so that he may have an incentive to forge ahead. Employees will have little motivation if better jobs are reserved for outsiders. ? To increase an employee's organizational effectiveness; ? To promote job satisfaction among the employees and give them an opportunity for unbroken, continuous service; ? To build up morale, loyalty, and a sense of belonging on the part of the employees when it is brought home to them that they would be promoted if they deserve it; ?To attract suitable and competent workers for the organization. II. MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS There is no doubt that motivation is the key to the promotion of proper good human relations. The term â€Å"motivation† was originally derived from the Latin word movere, which means â€Å"to move†. We can define motivation as an inner state that energises, activates, or moves (hence ‘motivation'), and that directs or channels behavior towards goals. Thu s motivation is a general term that applies to the entire class of energy, drive, tension and similar forces. The studies can be classified under two groups, on the basis of convenience and simplifications, viz. , traditional theories, and modern theories.The traditional theories are based on mostly the â€Å"human relations approach† in management, with little attention to psychological processes that occur. This approach was based upon three simple assumptions: ? Personnel primarily are economically motivated and secondarily desire security and good working conditions. ? Provision of the above rewards to personnel will have a positive effect on the morale. There is a positive correlation between morale and productivity. III. PERSONAL FACTORS Personal factors comprises name, age, sex, marital status, experience, spending time with the family are the personal factors affecting the level of job satisfaction.Age: The relationship between age and job satisfaction could be comple x generally one would expect that as the person gets older greater would be his job satisfaction level because of the experience and the case with which he would he will be able to perform his work Education: The relation between job satisfaction and education is based on how his educational qualification helps him to meet the job requirements and how he is able to utilize to earn additional promotion or a fare salary. However it is reasonable to assume that the more educated would be more frustrated. Years of experience: The relation between job satisfaction and years of experience is such that a new employee would be more satisfied with his job because of the enthusiasm of the work but these gradually decrease and increases when he reaches the stage of retirement as there is no other alternative opportunity available to him IV. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSInterpersonal relationship with supervisor-There seems to be two dimensions of supervisory style that affect job satisfaction. One is employee centeredness, which is measured by the degree to which a supervisor takes a personal interest and cares about the employee. It commonly is manifested in ways such as checking to see how well the employee is doing. The other dimension is participation or influence, as illustrated by managers who allow their people to participate in decisions that affect their own jobs. In most cases, this approach leads to higher job satisfaction. A participative climate created by the supervisor has a more substantial effect on worker's satisfaction Interpersonal relation with work groups will have an effect on job satisfaction.Friendly, co-operative co-workers or team members are a modest source of job satisfaction to individual employees. The work group especially a â€Å"tight† team, serves as a source of support, comfort, advice and assistance to the individual members. A â€Å"good† work group or effective team makes the job more enjoyable. However, this factor is not job satisfaction. On the other hand, if the reverse condition exists the people are difficult to get along with this factor may have a negative effect on job satisfaction. Working conditions have a modest effect on job satisfaction. If the working conditions are good (clean, attractive surroundings for instance), the personnel will find it easier to carry out their jobs.If the working conditions are poor (hot, noisy surroundings for example), personnel will find it more difficult to get things done. In other words, the effect of working conditions on job satisfaction is similar to that of the work group; there may or may not be a job satisfaction problem. Hertzberg’s motivation and hygiene factors are relevant in job satisfaction. If the workers get adequate opportunity to hear and to be heard by the top management it can be a source of job satisfaction. This observation has been subscribed by Vroom while he holds that there exists a relationship between job satisfaction and opp ortunity for self-express. [pic]A MODEL OF JOB SATISFACTION The model of job satisfaction is presented below: EXPECTATIONS ACTUAL ABOUT JOBSCONDITIONS DISCREPANCIES PAYPAY WORK ITSELFWORK ITSELF PROMOTIONSPROMOTIONS COWORKERSCOWORKERS WORKING CONDITIONSWORKING CONDITIONS SUPER VISORSSUPER VISORS EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION Basically, job satisfaction is determined by the ‘discrepancy’ between what individuals expect to get out of their jobs and what the job actually offers. A person will be dissatisfied if there is less than the desire amount of job characteristics in the job. For instance if a person expects to be promoted in six month and then is not, the person will be dissatisfied.A person will be satisfied if there is no discrepancy between decide and actual conditions. If it is more than the employee expected of some job factor and the excess is beneficial (e. g. a large bonus, faster promotion) then the person will be very highly satisfied. Job Satisfaction And Pro ductivity Historically the concept of human relations assumed that high job satisfaction led to high productivity but later research indicated that this was an incorrect assumption. Satisfied workers turned out be either high producers or low producers only on average producers. The satisfaction-productivity relationship appeared to quite complex being influenced by various intermediate factors such as rewards than an employee receives.The question has often risen whether job satisfaction leads to performance of performance leads to job satisfaction. Lawler and Porter have developed a model that suggests that productivity leads to satisfaction. According to them, performance leads to reward and if these are perceived to equitable employee, satisfaction is the result. The assumption, which seems most realistic, is that satisfaction and productivity are in a circular relationship in which each affects the other. From the various studies a general relationship emerges between job satis faction and productivity as shown in figure Relationship between Job satisfaction and Productivity [pic]Here in X, Y graph where X = Productivity and Y = Job satisfaction Line A = High Job satisfaction and Less Productivity Line B = High Job satisfaction and High productivity Lind C = High productivity and less job satisfaction. Here ‘line C’ of chart shows the conditions of high productivity and low job satisfaction which can be occur when the supervisors push the production through techniques of scientific management such as methods study, time study and close supervision. C. B MAMORIA – PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ‘Line A’ represents a condition which believes that satisfied workers are the best workers and try to keep workers happy regardless of the affects on organizational goals.In this condition, the worker may derive such job satisfaction, but work may be done. One supervisor describes this condition, as â€Å"my workers due so happy that they donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t feel like my working†. The middle ‘line B’ appears to be the most desirable agreement-where high satisfaction and high productivity are combined together CONCLUSION In this chapter the theoretical aspects of job satisfaction were discussed. Major variables such as promotional factors, motivational factors, personal factors and environmental factors were considered . The relationship between job satisfaction and productivity was also described. The next chapter gives analysis and interpretation of the survey data. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter the analysis of the collected data is shown. Analysis of data is made possible through Frequency Tables, Bar Charts, Pie-diagram, and Chi-Square test. Information is interpreted in percentage forms. Scoring method is also used to find the score of various attributes. Mean of various attributes are also shown. In scoring method score is given to the options for example. Score given to Strongl y agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree is +2, +1,0, -1, -2 respectively. Mean: mean is the most common measure of central tendency and can be defined as the value of various given items in a series by the total number of items. Mean = (fx / (f TEST OF HYPOTHESISThe test of hypothesis is a process of testing significance regarding the parameter of the population on the basis of the sample. Chi-Square test is used to test the significance of the parameters of the population. Formula for Calculating X2 : [pic] Where O = Observed Frequency, E = Expected Frequency, Degree of Freedom = (C-1) (R-1) Table: 4. 1 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES |SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Standard of living |0. 6 | |2 |Promotion policy |-0. 4 | |3 |Job security |0. 64 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the score of standard of living is 0. 6 and the score of promotion policy is -0. 54 while job security got 0. 64. Figure 4. 1 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above ta ble is shown in graph. From that we can see that the graph of promotion policy came to the negative side. Majority of the employees are not satisfied with the promotion policy. They have the opinion that the present job has improved their standard of living and they think that their job is secure. Table 4. 2 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Appreciation |-0. 38 | |2 |Suggestion |0. 08 | |3 |Salary |-0. 3 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the score of appreciation from superiors is -0. 38. The score of salary is -0. 3 Figure 4. 2 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can see that they are not getting appreciation from the superiors. The superiors are not inviting suggestions from the employees. The salary given to them is not adequate. Table 4. 3SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES |SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Better job prospect |-0. 6 | |2 |Job change |-0. 02 | |3 |Skill |-0. 32 | |4 |Time spent w ith family |0. 5 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the score of desire to change the present job is -0. 02.Utilization of skill got a score of -0. 32 while the time spent with family got 0. 5. Figure 4. 3 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can analyse that majority think that they don’t have a better job prospect as per their qualification. They don’t want to change the present job. Majority are having the opinion that their skills are not properly utilized. They are getting enough time with their family. Table 4. 4 SCORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES |SI NO |ATTRIBUTES |SCORE | |1 |Trade union activities |0. | |2 |Welfare measures |0 | |3 |Working condition |0. 44 | |4 |Relationship with co-workers |0. 82 | *Source: survey data From the table we can find that the activities of trade union got 0. 4 as its score, while working condition scored 0. 44. the relationship with co-workers scored 0. 82. Figure 4. 4 S CORE OF VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES [pic] The above table is shown in graph. The employees are having a nice opinion about the trade union activities and working condition. A healthy relationship exists between workers and their superiors.The welfare measures provided by the company are not adequate. Table: 4. 5 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS |SI NO |SEX |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |1 |Male |41 |82 | |2 |Female |9 |18 | *Source: survey data From the table we can analyze that 82% of the employees are male and 18% is female Figure 4. 5 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS [pic] The same date is shown with the help of pie-diagram. From that we can see that majority of the respondents are male. Table: 4. 6 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION SI NO |EDUCATION |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |1 |SSLC |39 |78 | |2 |HSC |8 |16 | |3 |GRADUATION |3 |6 | |4 |PG |0 |0 | *Source: survey data The educational qualification of respondents is shown in the table. 78 % of the workers have education up to school level and 16% of them are having education al qualification HSC . 6% of the respondents are graduates. Figure 4. 6 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can interpret that majority are having their education up to school level. Table: 4. 7 EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS |SI NO |EXPERIENCE |FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE | |1 |0 to 10 |8 |16 | |2 |10 to 20 |27 |54 | |3 |20 to 30 |10 |20 | |4 |30 to 40 |5 |10 | *Source: survey data Mean experience= 17. 4 The experience of respondents is shown in the table. 54% of them are having experience between 10 to 20 years. 16% comes under the range 0 to 10. Only 10 of them have experience above 30 years. Figure 4. 7 EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS [pic] The above table is shown in graph. From that we can see that majority are having experience between 10 to 20 years. Table: 4. 8 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS SI NO |AGE |FREQUENCY |PERCENTAGE | |1 |21 – 30 |12 |24 | |2 |31- 40 |32 |64 | |3 |41 to 50 |4 |8 | |4 |above 50 |2 |4 | *Source: survey data Mean age = 36 From the table we can see that 64%of the respondents come under the age group 31 to 40 Figure 4. 8 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS [pic] The same data is shown in the graph. Table: 4. 9 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS SI NO |MARITAL STATUS |FREQUENCY | | | | | | | | | | |PERCENTAGE | |1 |Married |35 |70 | |2 |Single |15 |30 | *Source: survey data The marital status of the employees is shown in the table. We can see that 70%of the employees are married. Figure 4. 9: MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS [pic] The same data is shown with the help of graph. Chi- square is a non parametric test that has assumed great importance in statistical analysis and statistical inferences because it can be used without making assumptions about parameters, as it is a distribution free test.Chi-square is a measure which evaluates the extent to which a set of the observed frequency of a sample deviates from the corresponding set of the expected frequency of the sample. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPERIENCE AND WAG ES H0=There exist no significant relationship between experience and wages H1= There exist significant relationship between experience and wages | |Wages | |Experience |Agree |Disagree |Total | |0 to 20 |12 |23 |35 | |20 to 40 |7 |8 |15 | |Total |19 |31 |50 | O |E |O-E |(O-E)2 |(O-E)2/E | |12 |13. 3 |-1. 3 |1. 69 |. 1271 | |23 |21. 7 |1. 3 |1. 69 |. 0779 | |7 |5. 7 |1. 3 |1. 69 |. 2965 | |8 |9. 3 |-1. 3 |1. 69 |. 1812 | |Total |. 6827 | Calculated Value of X2=. 6827Degree of freedom = 1 Table value at 5% level of significance =3. 841 As the calculated value is less than the table value the null hypothesis is accepted. The test of hypothesis reveals that there is no significant relationship between experience and wages. Those with more experience are not paid higher. Conclusion Analysis of collected data is shown in this chapter. Analysis of data is done by Frequency Tables, Bar Charts, Pie-diagram, and Chi-Square test. Information is interpreted in percentage forms Findings and reco mmendations are given in the following chapter. FINDINGS ? Majority of the employees are not satisfied with the promotion policy. The present job has improved their standard of living to some extend. ? Majority have the opinion that their job is secure. ? The employees are not getting adequate salary and the appreciation from their superiors is not satisfactory. ? Majority have the opinion that their skills are not fully utilized. ? The employees have a nice opinion about trade union activities and working condition. ? A healthy and relationship exists between workers and their superiors. The welfare measures provided by the company are not adequate. ? Majority of the respondents at WIP were male. ? Majority of the workers have education up to school level. ? Main experience of the workers at WIP is 17 years. Most of the workers fall in the age group of 31-40 mean age is 36 years. ? The test of hypothesis reveals that there is no significant relationship between experience and wages . Those with more experience are not paid higher. RECOMMENDATIONS ? It is advisable that the company should pay sufficient attention in providing monetary benefits to the employees ? The Management should take some initiative to enhance the welfare measures ? The employers should duly recognize and appreciate the efforts taken by the employees. It will give motivation to the employees ? It was found that the more experienced workers are not paid higher and thus resulting in employee dissatisfaction.It is advisable that the company should take some initiative to implement new wage system in which experience gets more importance. ? Timely promotions would greatly help the workers as they feel recognized. ? Valuable suggestions made by the workers should given due consideration. SUMMARY The findings generated by the analysis of data resulted in the following conclusions. This study finds that personal factors like experience, time spend with the family affect the level of job satisfact ion. Further analyses of data revealed that organisational factors like wages, reward, job security; role of job in increasing the standard of living affects the level of satisfaction.This study shows significant relationship between wages and standard of living Additionally this study reveals that managerial factors like ability, suggestions for improvement, relationship with superiors and co-workers contributes to the level of satisfaction. This study also indicates that working condition, role of trade union, welfare measures affects the level of satisfaction. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Referred 1. VSP RAO, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, EXCELL BOOKS, NEW DELHI, 2000. 2. MAMORIA C. B. ; GANKAR S. V. ‘PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT TEXT AND CASES. HIMALAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE, MUMBAI 2004. 3. BISWAJET PATTNAYAK, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EXCELL BOOKS, NEW DELHI, 2000 4. KOTHARI C. R. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, WISHWA PRAKASHAN PUBLICATION, NEW DELHI, 1999. Websites www. questionpro. com www. wipltd. co m. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE A Study on Job Satisfaction of Employees Conducted at Western India Plywoods, Valapattanam 1. My job is secure Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 2. I get comparatively better salary Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 3. I usually get appreciation from superior officers Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 4. They encourage me to offer suggestions for improvement of my establishment Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 5.My job improved my standard of living Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 6. I had a better job prospect as per my qualification. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 7. I like to change my present job Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 8. I am satisfied with the relationship with my superiors and co-workers. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 9. My skills are completely utilized Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 10. I am satisfied with the trade union activities. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 1. Company provides number of welfare measures. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 12. I have a convenient working condition. Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 13. Your opinion about present promotion policy Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 14. I get enough time to look after my family Strongly agree(Agree(Disagree( Strongly disagree(No opinion( 15. Name: 16. Sex: 17. Age:21-30(31-40(41-50(Above 50( 18. Educational qualification SSLC(HSC(Graduation(PG( 19. Experience 0-10(10-20(20-30(30-40( 20. Marital Status Married(Single( ———————– C B A 21 – 30