Compare the Techniques Used in Two Adverts by Holiday Companies to Target Their Audience and Sell Their Product

Compare the techniques used in two adverts by holiday companies to target their audience and sell their product. In this essay I will discuss the similarities and differences of two holiday adverts; one for Blackpool and the other for Ibiza. Firstly I will discuss the layout of the adverts. The Blackpool ad has a central picture of recognisable attractions such as the Blackpool tower and ferris wheel by the harbour which shimmers with light which brightens up the advert, similarly the Ibiza advert has a central eye catching picture of three young people dancing laughing and a sexy young female posing on her own on the beach whilst the sun is setting. The Blackpool ad has the writing on the left hand side which states the main important facts and a postcard in the middle of the picture and information listed where as Ibiza has their images on the left, small white font which isn’t clear and few aspects written around the ad. This give a different feed back to the audience that their images are their main appearance where as Blackpool is detailing both information and few images. Their adverts are different because Ibiza focuses their holiday for a younger generation to seek out selling that holiday or product for that specific type of audience, where as Blackpool specialise for an older generation to sell their product. Secondly the font. The Blackpool advert is plain and simple, making it visible and easier to understand. It is printed in a white and dark blue background which makes it stand out, where as the Ibiza ad font is bold neon colours such as white, red, yellow and pink in the slogan, and their contact information. It uplifts and levier the younger audiences attention where as Blackpool draws older calmer people to come relax. There are lots of different font styles in the Ibiza advert, the word Ibiza is written in a 3D effect making it look glamorous and exciting where as the Black pool is capitalized on the first letter written in a plain but simple structure. Ibiza sets their ad to be funky based on their audience but Blackpool seeks for a calmer but organised audience. Thirdly the colours. The Blackpool advert uses are soft but good colours such as white, black, with a touch of pink, blue, orange and yellow to emphasis their heading and contact details. The colour gold suggests, that having the best time of your life on your holiday. On the other hand Ibiza advert uses bold: neon colours such as red, pink, yellow, black similar to Blackpool but more thistly for the attention to target their on going audience, where as Blackpool was as bright appearance mainly for the tower and Ferris wheel which mainly their dazzles with lights around them. Blackpool was generally advertising for the older generation which is a calmer appearance for relaxing, going sightseeing and having fun in a basic manner but on the other hand Ibiza advert appealed for the younger generation which settles for livelier and exciting appearance for their audience. The language which was used in Blackpool was plain English which give full details which the reader could understand clearly whereas Ibiza was written in slang for their slogan and also written in a different font style and plain English for the contact, location and general aspects of the holiday about getting there. Blackpool features their audience to read about more of their advert, but Ibiza settles for more pictures and their language of detail cannot be read clearly but also have a bright and groovy effect when you read their colourful advert. Their main idea of their language was to attract younger and older audience based on their structure of their advert and how it is written and to sell their product. The Images which Blackpool uses to enhance their advert for their audience are the direction or map, the beach, winter gardens, the Blackpool tower and the tower ballroom dancing, and also a free phone number, the older generation are more sensible with their money because the adverts gives a package of holiday and more fun and exciting features of relaxing where as Ibiza uses three young people having fun laughing and having ice-cream, a group of friends in a limo chilling going out, eight different snap shots of youngsters posing on a track (road), three dancing ,and two mainly outstanding the advert set on the background in the evening while sun is setting on a beach, the temperature and how much the drink prices are, and lastly the map with different locations and the website and contact detail. The reason Ibiza uses more images and more colour s for their liver younger audience was to specialize on the main appearance on selling their product whereas Blackpool does the same but in a calmer and professional manner for the older audience. The Slogans. Blackpool theme was â€Å"GOLD the time of your life! † which is located on the top right hand corner written in two different fonts and also in white but was not eye catching for their audience based on its location, on the other hand Ibiza own was situated a few inches underneath its heading Ibiza, written in a stylish font, bold and colour white â€Å"uplifting club beats with a deep indie poolside vibe† same as Blackpool but its eye catching for their main audience and it also uplifts the background of the images of their main attraction. It words says it all about the club music and the atmosphere that you will be having fun for this whole time whereas also for Blackpool but with a calmer sensation. In conclusion the main similarities Blackpool and Ibiza in relation to target their audience. Their colours are similar but the difference is that Ibiza got more and it’s brighter than Blackpool has softer colours. Their slogan is written in different fonts and their details but the difference between both they are attracting two different styles of people for their advert. Their images both speak out for the ad but Ibiza has bolder and larger than Blackpool where as is smaller and calmer features towards their audience. The language both written in plain English but the difference is that Ibiza has slang to their slogan and Blackpool do not have. The similarity for their font are bolder and clear for their heading â€Å"Ibiza and Blackpool†, their contact detail, and also their colours such as white, pink, orange and yellow in certain words pointed out in their advert information. In closing the similarity is that they both settle to sell their product to their audience but their difference is that Ibiza targeted a younger people who want to have lots of fun where as Blackpool generally settles for a calmer older group who wants to have fun but relaxing holiday.

Mae West and How the Production Code Affected Her Career

â€Å"Virtue has its own reward, but has no sale at the box office†.   Those are the words of the famous movie actress named Mae West.   She was known for her sassy and sexy behavior on and off screen. Mary Jane West was born August 17, 1893 in Brooklyn, New York.   Her parents were involved in prize fighting and vaudeville.   Mae worked on the stage and was in vaudeville from the time when she was five years of age.   She was so into the entertainment world that she never really focused on education.  Ã‚   She studied dance as a child and when she was 14 years old, she was billed as â€Å"The Baby Vamp†. The year was 1926 and she was definitely shocking to most people during that time period.  Ã‚   Though the critics reportedly hated the show, the ticket sales were good.   The theater was raided and Ms. West was arrested along with the rest of the cast. While incarcerated on Roosevelt Island, she was allowed to wear her silk underwear instead of the scratchy prison issue.   The warden reportedly took her to dinner every night. She served eight days, with two days off for good behavior.   The media attention only managed to enhance her case. Her next play was racy in content as well.   It was entitled â€Å"The Drag† and was about homosexuality alluding to the work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs.   It also was a box office success, but it had to be played in New Jersey because it had been banned from Broadway. Mae caught the attention of Hollywood and was given her first small movie role working with George Raft in â€Å"Night after Night†.   The film debuted in 1932 and even though her performance was a minor part in the movie, she was able to display enough of her quick wit that made her famous. At first she was unhappy with her small role in â€Å"Night After Night†, but was satisfied when she was allowed to rewrite her scenes.   In West’s first scene, a hatcheck girl exclaimed, â€Å"Goodness, what lovely diamonds†. Mae responded with her quick and racy wit by saying, â€Å"Goodness had nothing to do with it, dearie†. Upon her arrival in Hollywood, she moved into an apartment not far from the studio on Melrose.  Ã‚  Ã‚   She maintained a residence there at Ravenswood, even though she owned a beach house and a ranch in the San Fernando Valley. The public fell in love with the first woman to make racy comments on film.   She became a box office smash with the film breaking attendance records. Her second film was based on her earlier and popular play that was written by West entitled â€Å"She Done Him Wrong† starring Cary Grant.   The film was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Picture. Her third film, entitled â€Å"I’m No Angel† also displayed her quick racy wit and she was paired with Cary Grant once again.   It was a financial success.   This film, along with â€Å"She Done Him Wrong† were projects that saved Paramount from bankruptcy.   They were highly criticized by some because of the content and the guidelines found in the Motion Picture Production Code. The Production Code (also known as the Hays Code) was a set of guidelines that movies created between the years of 1930 and 1968 were governed by. The name â€Å"Hays Office† is definitely recognized as being synonymous with Hollywood’s self –censorship body even though its namesake ceased to be involved in the daily operations prior to the period of its most remembered conflicts with filmmakers.   Will H. Hays was the first president of MPPDA.   He was installed as the leader because studio heads were looking for a man with a background in the federal government to assure the nation that Hollywood films would not corrupt the country’s citizens. During the period that the Production Code existed, the enforcement was the responsibility of Jason Joy (1930-1932), James Wingate (1932-1934), Joseph Breen who was the chief censor for the longest period of time between the years of 1934 – 1954.  Ã‚   Geoffrey Shurlock then took his place from 1954-1968. Eric Johnston replaced Will Hays as head administrator in 1945 and remained in this office until his death in 1963.   Jack Valenti took his place in 1966. By then the organization had become the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).   Each of these three men served more in the role of ambassador, lobbyist and   as salesmen for the movie industry and not so much as a â€Å"shaper of content†. The Production Code was developed because the owners of major Hollywood studios were attempting to avoid a national government-run censorship operation. They also wanted to assure the concerned civic leaders that Hollywood would deliver only wholesome movies eliminating the need for further editing that could possible be required by the state and local censorship boards.   These type boards sprang up during the decade preceding the Code. The Studio Relations Committee was organized by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1930.   This committee was given the responsibility for the administration of industry self-censorship.  Ã‚   The Studio Relations Committee was reconstituted as the Production Code Administration in 1934.   It was more effective at this time. This organization felt â€Å"if motion pictures present stories that will affect lives for the better, they can become the most powerful force for the improvement of mankind†.  Ã‚   They recognized their responsibility to the public and because of this trust and also because in their views, entertainment and art were the most important influences in the life of a nation. During the rapid transition from silent to talking pictures they realized the necessity of creating some type of guidelines that should be in place.   Even though motion pictures were considered primarily as entertainment, they also felt that film could be directly responsible for spiritual or moral progress. As a result of these codes, May began to use double talk so that a person could take a word or phrase anyway they wished.   She also developed her works this way as a method to get her work past the censors; and it worked. She really felt she had a vested interest because it was her written work that was being scrutinized.   West had already written and performed these plays on stage and now they were being exposed to a whole new audience in film. Mae West was the largest box office draw in the United States at the time.   The frank sexuality and seamy settings of her films caught the attention of the moralists. On July 1, 1934, the censorship of the Production Code began to be seriously and meticulously enforced.  Ã‚   Mae’s scripts began to be heavily edited.   Her answer was to increase the number of double entendres in her films.   Her expectation was that the censors would delete the obvious lines and overlook the subtle ones. Her next film was â€Å"Belle of the Nineties† which was made in 1934 and it was another hit.  Ã‚   The movie was originally titled â€Å"It Ain’t No Sin†, but the title was changed due to the censor’s objection.   By 1936, after filming â€Å"Klondike Annie† and â€Å"Go West Young Man† she was, at that time, the highest paid woman in the United States. After the 1937 film, â€Å"Everyday’s a Holiday†, she didn’t make another film until she starred with W. C. Fields in another Mae West written movie entitled â€Å"My Little Chickadee† in 1940. It was a well-known fact that Ms. West had ill feelings toward Fields because his ways were too crude even for her.   She didn’t get along with Fields at all.   She would not tolerate his drinking and since they were both accustomed to working with supporting players and not co-stars conflict ensued. â€Å"My Little Chickadee† was a box office success and was more successful than all other W. C. Fields’ movies.   It is said that the only way Fields and West could be in the same scene together was to film them separately; and then splice the film together. Universal was so delighted with the success of the film and offered West two more movies to star with Fields.   She refused citing the difficulty of working with Fields. Her film â€Å"The Heat’s On† which was filmed in 1943, was her last film for a bit.   Mae decided to take a break from the movie industry because the censors were getting stricter.   It was harder to create her movies, even with the double talk to get past the stricter codes. It was general practice in films of the 1930’s and 1940’s to skirt the issue of sex and hide violence behind foreground or within shadows.   In addition, they never really treated serious subjects that were dealt with in the best-regarded novels of that era. In so many instances, the Production Code Administration had their way against the wishes of filmmakers.   They scuttled, weakened or diluted several scenes proposed by writers and directors of Hollywood film projects from 1934 to 1968. When the Code went into effect all movies from the major studios were required to show an approved MPPDA logo. There were three general principles: 1.No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of those who see it.   Hence the sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin. 2.Correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment, shall be presented, and 3.Law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed, nor shall sympathy be created for its violation. In addition there was another section that was entitled Crimes Against the Law.   There were several crimes listed that should never be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy with the crime as against law and justice, or to inspire others with a desire for imitation. Some of the crimes included Murder, Theft, Arson, and the use of firearms were to be restricted to the essentials. Also, methods of smuggling could not be presented and illegal drug traffic was never to be presented. The use of liquor in American life, when not required by the plot or should be shown in proper context, otherwise it could not be shown. Ms. West was known for her racy lines and sexy innuendo so there were a few portions mentioned throughout this code that Mae had to alter her movies for compliance.  Ã‚   There was a complete section of the code dedicated to sex. According to the code, the sanctity of the institution of marriage and home had to be upheld.   Pictures could not infer that low forms of sexual relationships are accepted or a common thing.  Ã‚   For example, the issue of adultery sometimes could be considered necessary to the plot, however it could not be explicitly treated, or justified, or presented in a positive light. The code even had guidelines of â€Å"Scenes of Passion†.  Ã‚   They could not be introduced if they weren’t essential to the plot.   In addition, excessive and lustful kissing, lustful embraces, suggestive postures and gestures could not be shown. In general passion had to be treated so that these scenes could not stimulate the lower and baser element.   Mae West oozed sensuality.   This category no doubt was stifling to many of Mae’s intentions on film. Even before she had matured, the slinky, then dark haired Mae was performing a lascivious â€Å"shimmy† dance in 1913 and was photographed for a song sheet for the song â€Å"Everybody Shimmies Now†. Her famous walk was said to have originated in her early years as a stage actress.   West had special eight-inch platforms attached to her shoes to increase her height and enhance her stage presence. Mae’s leave from film back to plays proved to be successful.   When censors began to let up, she returned to film work in 1970 in Myra Breckinridge.  Ã‚   She appeared in the role as Leticia Van Allen, which was a small role.   The film failed miserably at the box-office but still was a racy film due to the sex change theme. West regarded talking about sex as a basic human rights issue.   She was also an early advocate of gay and transgender rights.   She was reported as telling policemen who were raiding a gay bar, â€Å"Don’t you know you’re hitting a woman in a man’s body†. This was definitely a daring statement since she spoke it in a time period when homosexuality was not accepted. Her last film was in 1978 called Sextette which was a film that was based on the successful play West wrote back in 1926.   This film could have been a silent movie but instead fifty years later was developed.   Even in the late seventies, the times where not liberal enough to accept the original title, â€Å"Sex† as they called it Sextette instead. Allowances had to be made for a few things, such as her wig and slightly bizarre makeup and her slow movement from time to time but she obviously had taken care of herself and is able to show herself off in a series of beautiful gowns. The film is set up so she can consistently deliver the one-liners that made her famous. There was something different about Mae West, beginning with her appearance.   It set her apart from the other actresses of the day.   Mae has been described as a rather large billowing superblonde that talked through her nostrils.   In addition it has been said that she was a Gay Nineties gal that was plunked down in the Flapper Age. According to Simon Louvish, the author of her biography entitled â€Å"Mae West: It Ain’t No Sin†, it wasn’t the Production Code that affected her career but rather â€Å" her inability to relate to anyone in any intimately persuasive way – that so quickly destroyed her screen career†. The character that she created was completely of her on devise.   Somehow this Brooklyn born woman who was sketchily educated at best made herself into a playwright as she would scribble her one-liners and develop primitive narratives around them. The Code may have been able to tone down some of the personality of Mae West but she was a woman who would not be silenced.   Her somewhat mannish ways in her blunt innuendo that continually spoke of the unmentionable sexual needs of a female. Ms. West’s remarks were quick and veiled suggestion.   They were not dirty and often playfully remarked dripping with sensual undertones. Historians, however, suggest that her movie career declined so quickly because of the Production Code and their rather strict guidelines. Mae West is unique in the history of   â€Å"sex stars† in the movies because she was somehow able to play both the role of a sex goddess and simultaneously parody that same role.   In addition, she was one of the first women to consistently write the movies she starred in. In addition to her screen and stage career, Ms. West also could be heard on the radio.   On December 12, 1937, she appeared on two separate sketches on Edger Bergen’s radio show that shocked both the listening and NBC executives.   She appeared as herself, and was flirting heavily with Charlie McCarthy, Bergen’s dummy, speaking with her usual brand of sexy wit and risque sexual references. She appeared even more risque in a sketch earlier in the show that was written by Arch Oboler.   This sketch starred West and Don Ameche as Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.   The conversation between the two was considered so risque and bordered on being blasphemous.   She was banned from being featured, or even mentioned on the NBC network.   Mae West didn’t appear on radio for another 31 years. She also starred in her own Las Vegas stage show.   She would sing and was surrounded by handsome body builders while she performed on stage.   Many celebrities attended West’s shows including Judy Garland, Ethel Merman, Louis Armstrong, Liberace, and Jayne Mansfield.   Jayne met and later married one of West’s muscle men, Mickey Hargitay.   Mr. Hargitay was fired for that action. Billy Wilder offered West the role of Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard.   She refused and pronounced herself offended at being asked to play a â€Å"has-been† similar to the responses he received from Mary Pickford, Greta Garbo and Pola Negri.   Ultimately, Gloria Swanson was cast in the role, which became immortal on celluloid. In 1958, West appeared at the Academy Awards and performed the song â€Å"Baby, It’s Cold Outside† playfully with Rock Hudson. In 1959, her autobiography was published by Prentice-Hall entitled, â€Å"Goodness Had Nothing to Do With It†. West made some rare appearances on television where viewers reported astonishment at her youthful appearance and energy.   In order to appeal to younger generations, she recorded two rock and roll albums which were received with financial success mainly due to her single â€Å"Treat Him Right† on the â€Å"Way Out West† album. Near the end of her life, she was known for maintaining her surprisingly youthful appearance.   West continued to surround herself with virile men for the rest of her life, employing companions, bodyguards and chauffeurs. In the late summer of 1980, she suffered a stroke at her apartment and fell out of her bed.   She rallied after being rushed to the hospital but suffered another stroke in November.   She was sent home but her prognosis wasn’t good.   She died in her apartment on North Rossmore Avenue in Hollywood at the age of 87. Mae West will forever be remembered as the sexy vamp notorious for sexy   her one-liners. REFERENCES Bynum, Matt. (2006) The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code). http://www.artsreformation.com/a001/hays-code.html Received on December 12, 2006 Jackson, Denny. (1998). Mae West – The Actress Who Was Way Ahead of Her Time! http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/2440/west.html Received on December 12, 2006 Schickel, Richard. International Herald Tribune. (2006) Mae West. New York City.               

Cost and benefit of the London Olympic 2012 Dissertation

Cost and benefit of the London Olympic 2012 - Dissertation Example Additionally, even the Russian government encountered deficits of approximately 9 billion US dollars after organizing the 1980 Olympic Games. Nevertheless from the subsequent Olympic Games that were hosted by Los Angeles in the year 1984, the Olympic Games were commercialised as an event. As a result, Los Angeles earned direct revenues worth 200 million US dollars and indirect revenue of 3 billion US dollars from the 1984 Olympics. With the passage of time and the rapid commercialisation of the Olympic Games, more and more cities have become interested in hosting the event as it produces big fortune for the city and impel the economic growth of the country. In the year 1992, Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games, and earned direct revenues greater than 9.5 billion US dollars in addition to indirect revenues worth 16.4 billion US dollars (Brunet, 1995). This magnitude of profitability and the enduring legacy economic affect on the city owing to the organization Olympic Games, catch the f ancy of a number of big corporate houses who endeavour for the sponsorships. It is evident the financial as well as economic impact of hosting the Olympic Games is anticipated to be extensive, predominantly at the local level and to a smaller degree at the country level. The total financial consequence of the Olympic Games on the city or the nation hosting the Game is generally spread over the years. Hence, the study of economic impacts of the Olympic Games on the host city has been a popular topic of investigation for researchers. The 2012 Olympics is being held in London. It has the potential of generating huge amount of revenues as well as exhibit London on the global platform this year. The Olympic Games is expected to motivate a... The second chapter, that is, Literature Review, would focus on the review and discussion of the findings of prior studies on the benefits, particularly financial and economic, of Olympic Games. This chapter would hence discuss the researches that have been carried out by other researchers in the topic under discussion. For the better understanding of the expected financial benefits of 2012 Olympic Games on the United Kingdom, this segment of the research study would focus on the preceding Olympic Games that were held in Being, Sydney, Atlanta, Barcelona and Athens among others. In this context, the financial and economic benefits that these host nations had enjoyed would be conferred with the help of cost benefit analysis. The thorough study of the impacts of the past Olympic Games on the host nations would endow us with an apparent outlook of the expected financial benefit that the United Kingdom could potentially gain this time.   The Literature Review would also accentuate on th e anticipated financial scenario in the UK, subsequent to the 2012 Olympic Games in London.Chapter Three: Research MethodologyThis chapter would consist of a discussion on the selection of the appropriate methods and approaches for the execution of the research study.   For a better identification of the appropriate research method for this study, this chapter would initially present a comprehensive discussion of all the research methods along with their advantages and suitability. The chapter would also discuss the strategy.

THE 1920'S REMAIN ONE OF THE MOST FASCINATING DECADES IN U.S. HISTORY, Essay

THE 1920'S REMAIN ONE OF THE MOST FASCINATING DECADES IN U.S. HISTORY, AND A DECADE OF STARK CONTRASTS. IT WAS THE DECADE OF PROHIBITION, BUT ALSO SPEAKCASIES, - Essay Example To indulge the people more in business and peaceful life. In 1919 Volstead Act was passed by the congress in eighteenth amendment in United States which prohibits the production and usage of alcohol in America. This gave rise to illegal sales, gangland murders and more crimes. At the beginning of Harding's presidency people were protesting against immigration policies. They became isolated and take less pert in international activities. 1920 became the era of business growth and conservative republicanism. Businessmen used advanced technology and scientific management to intensify their business. Consumers also responded in a good manner. During this era Henry Ford was such a businessman who wanted the Americans to think virtuously but remain in touch with modern science and technology. Ford made the cars that were synchronizing the speed of the improving lifestyle of people with the development of the country. New concept of scientific management was introduced in the business.

Penetration Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Penetration Testing - Essay Example E-commerce systems tend to be high-end targets to security breaches and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can be exploited by conducting certain attack tests that target to steal information and corrupt the system functioning. The tests are carried out in a controlled environment where due damages may be reversed and the system retracted back to a stable state. However, not all systems use the same principles for penetration testing. Various systems call for various methods so as to exploit their varied vulnerabilities. An e-commerce system, for instance, stands to suffer security risks more through attacks where it crosses through networks. Therefore, for an e-commerce system, a unique testing methodology is carried out, where the authentication systems used are inspected and exploited to show any possible vulnerabilities. This form of tests are carried out in an environment where they can exactly mimic the behavior of such attacks. That is, they occur in real-time, parallel to the system as such attacks would. E-commerce systems keep on growing in functionalities and complexities by the day. E-commerce systems are now being spread out to include applications in mobile devices and web-based application systems. As these functionalities continue to grow, so do the security risks for such a system. For such an extensive system, to effectively do the penetration tests they need to include applications penetration tests. These penetration tests will cover the normal vulnerabilities such as SQL injections and Cross Site Scripting and Cross Site Request Forgery tests. Penetration tests conducted for this firm cover the major cross-interaction gateways in the systems. That is; payment integration flaws, flaws in the system’s content manager amongst other vulnerability tests. Several conventional attacks in e-commerce systems are carried out on the payment gateways. For example, an attacker

The Role of Internal Auditors in the Corporate Governance Framework Essay

The Role of Internal Auditors in the Corporate Governance Framework - Essay Example Internal auditing, as a framework, has been established for serving the particular organizational need. This study focuses on the role of internal auditors in the corporate governance framework. This issue is explored by referring primarily to corporate governance, as part of modern businesses. Then the role of internal auditors in corporate governance is analyzed taking into consideration the following fact: in each business, the tasks developed by internal auditors may be differentiated. Still, the power of internal auditors to check business processes is standardized; internal auditors have access to all business operations, meaning that the full authorization of the auditors by the top management is considered as guaranteed (Rittenberg et al. 2011). However, despite the fact that the role of internal auditors is closely related to Corporate Governance, the involvement of the auditors in the activities and data of firms is often not welcomed, a phenomenon resulted from certain events, as analyzed below (Cascarino 2007). On the other hand, the accountability of internal auditors for the tasks assigned to them is full; this means that failures and mistakes while performing the internal auditing can lead to severe consequences for the auditors even if the latter has taken all appropriate measures for avoiding such outcome (Ridley 2008). These issues are discussed below with reference to the literature that has been published in this field. It is proved that internal auditing is a complex process and for this reason, the evaluation of its performance can be a difficult task, especially in countries where the regulatory framework for businesses is unclear. The term ‘corporate governance’ is quite broad. Indeed, in a relevant definition, the term ‘is defined as the total of operations and controls of an organization’ (Fama and Jensen 1983, in Karagiorgos et al. 2010, p.17).  Ã‚  

Scholarly paper Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Scholarly paper - Scholarship Essay Example Whether or not a law prohibiting smoking in cars containing minors could be passed in the US would ultimately depend on the law’s constitutionality under the Commerce Clause of the US constitution. The Commerce Clause allows congress â€Å"to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states† and has long been an issue of political and social debate. The Supreme Court’s current standard for determining whether Congress has exceeded its commerce power can be subjective, making it difficult to predict constitutionality of proposed public health laws. However, the court has shown surprising willingness in recent cases to broaden the power of congress to regulate commerce in order to protect public health. Especially to innocent children confined to auto mobiles and who cannot protect themselves, as such a federal law prohibiting smoking in cars containing minors could be found constitutional. Furthermore, if congress were to refuse to take such a law into consideration, it could be possible for states, themselves, to regulate smoking in cars under the dormant commerce clause. This problem cannot be easily prevented by taking simple actions like opening of the car windows. This is because this action can change the direction of the air flow and as a result the smoke gets blown right back into the face of the child. What requires to be done is a law to be passed that prohibits smoking in motor vehicles. This can place stiff penalties to the offenders with the possibility that the parents can lose custody of their children if found engaging in the act. The level of exposure to secondary smoke by children is about 11% in the United States. This study was carried out among children aged below 6 years. It was also revealed that it was the parents who were the main source of exposure to their children, exposure by parents accounted for 90%. There was a new revelation in the research

International retail marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International retail marketing - Assignment Example The country we have targeted for Iceland Food’s retail is Saudi Arabia. Saudi differs from United Kingdom in various aspects which include cultural, psychographic and demographic dimensions. The macro environment of the two nations is also different. The report focuses on what 7 P’s are needed by Iceland to establish themselves in Saudi Arabia and what should differ to what is already being done in the United Kingdom. When moving into a new country, the retail outlets also need to consider various ways of understanding the customer behavior and how they can improve the customer relationship to retain sales in the long term. Organization: Iceland, one of Britain’s most innovative and fastest-growing retailers is considered to be one of UK’s best companies. Its primary product line consists of frozen foods such as frozen prepared meals and also frozen vegetables. Iceland also launched what according to them was the first nationwide, free, online grocery shop ping service. Critical Evaluation of the role that marketing mix plays in the devising of the marketing strategy of a retail organization: Marketing Management decisions can be based on one of the four categories: product, price, place and promotion. These variables are known to be the 4 P’s of marketing or the marketing mix. In order to satisfy customers in the target market, these variables are controlled by marketing managers. This is in an attempt to generate positive response in the target market as these four marketing mix variables can be blended in an optimal manner. Product: It is the physical product or service which is offered to the consumer. When the physical products are offered, it can also refer to the services or the conveniences that are part of the product being offered. The decisions on products can include different aspects such as function, appearance, service, warranty and packaging. Price: The decisions on pricing of the product are made by taking into account the profit margins and the probable pricing response of the competitors. This not only includes the listed price of the product but also the discounts, financing and other options such as leasing in order to satisfy the customers in the best possible way. Place: The decisions on place (or placement) are the ones that are associated with the channels of distribution that provide the platform or the channels for getting the product to the target customers of that market. The system of distribution performs transactional, logistical and the facilitating functions. The decisions on distribution include the market coverage, the channel member selection, the logistics and the levels of service for the product to reach to the final consumers. Promotion: The decisions on promotions are the ones related to communicating and selling the product to the potential consumers. The costs of promotion are large in proportion to the price of the product; therefore, an analysis of break-even should be performed when making decisions of promotions. It is essential to know the value of a customer in order to determine whether the cost of acquiring additional customers is worth it

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Business Ethics - Essay Example Concerns of the results of growth in population, increased environmental pollution, and fossil fuel depletion have led to uncertainty about the fabulous continuous technological growth. In counter intuitive argument, science is the best ground in the analysis and approach to real life aspects. Ostensibly, the advancement in technology has failed to preserve natural resources that are of utter importance for human existence. Simon’s technological project analyses whether the supply of natural resources like energy is infinite. The technological project concludes that the supply of natural resources is infinite. Hence, the notion that natural resources are finite in terms of supply is misleading, erroneous, and perverts the intellects of great scientists. Clever reasoning must be supported by historical facts prior to concluding that natural resources are finite for the mere fact that most are nonrenewable. The oil reserves of the world are sufficient to meet the needs of the world. Simon reflects the technological project through analyzing the idea of supply of natural resources and misconceptions that made powerful minds to end up into errors. Simon’s exploration shows that the supply of natural resources where energy is on the forefront of the analysis is unlimited. He also extensively and comprehensively review literatures on the topic and identifies flaws that besmirched the conclusion s of the

The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility - Toward the Moral Article - 2

The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility - Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders - Article Example The article by Archie B. Carroll deals with the concept of CRS in relation to businesses and organizations, for all of which the main task is to be profitable. Carroll distinguishes three types of business management – immoral, amoral and moral, each of which entails a different organization’s treatment of its stakeholders and the society in general. The author claims that each company’s management should act in a moral way in order to fulfill its corporate social responsibilities. Background Information Though the article was published in 1991, its ideas are valid today too, since it provides certain definitions of such terms as corporate social responsibility, stakeholders, immoral management, amoral management and moral management, among others. Such definitions are based on the works of earlier authors. Nevertheless, they can be said to be valid since they determine the general concept related to the CSR theory used by businesses nowadays. Therefore, the arti cle should be judged on the basis of applicability of the concepts and ideas presented in it. Furthermore, it seems necessary to determine how in particular the presented ideas can be applied in an organization if it is possible at all. Summary One of the major ideas presented by A. Carroll is that businesses and organizations can become more socially responsible if managers of such organizations become more moral instead of being immoral or amoral. Being immoral, in the author’s understanding, means acting in the financial and economic interests of the company and the manager. Similarly, being amoral means manager’s acting without considering any moral or ethical principles of the society or even the company itself – the major focus in this case is on the manager’s interests only. A moral manager, on the contrary, is an individual who acts in the best interests of both the company and the society. Such a person, therefore, is to manage the companyâ€℠¢s economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities of the company in relation to all of the stakeholders – owners, customers, employees, community, competitors, suppliers, social activist groups, public at large, and others. Evaluation The author’s goal was to explore the nature of CSR having defined its major components. A. Carroll intended to describe the different types of CSR strategies a manager might use in order to make his or her organization more effective and efficient in terms of corporate social responsibility. Finally, the author’s desire was to determine what it means to treat the stakeholders, who were to be determined in the article as well, in an ethical and moral manner. All these tasks have been accomplished by the writer. Carroll suggests that a moral manager should consider the interests of such stakeholders as customers, employees, community or social activist groups in order to run a business in an ethical and moral manner. Sti ll, it might be noted that the author does not provide any practical advice on how such a state of the business can be achieved. While the theoretical background looks quite sufficient – the author bases the argument on earlier works of the scientists.

The Human Reproductive System Essay Example for Free

The Human Reproductive System Essay The human reproductive system requires both the female and male to procreate. Although the reproductive organs will function separately, they will not create another human being without each other. The Male Sperm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The male reproductive system is more external than the female. Sperm must be created to fertilize the female’s egg and this is done in the testes or testicles of the male. Sperm are mobile cells that contain the male’s chromosomes, to be passed on the offspring. There are hundreds of thousands of sperm produced during a male’s lifetime, all of which have the potential to fertilize an egg. Sperm die off and are recreated at the rate of 1% day and sperm that are released from the body live only a few hours. Scrotum The testes are contained in a fleshy pouch known as the scrotum, which hangs outside the male body in the groin area. The testes themselves are actually over 850 feet of tiny tubing, curled into two balls inside the scrotum. It is in these tubes that the sperm are formed. The scrotum is a highly sensitive area. Normal body temperature will kill the sperm due to their sensitivity to high temperatures; this is why the scrotum lies outside the body rather than internally. In cold weather, the scrotum will pull the testicles closer to the body to maintain the proper temperature. Once formed the sperm must pass through into the epidiymis, which is a larger tube that stores the sperm and lets them mature until it is time to be ejaculated into the female. The epidiymis is encased in the scrotum along with the testes. Ducts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the sperm is ready to be ejaculated it leaves the epidiymis and travels through the vasa deferentia. The vasa deferentia extend from the epidymis and go around the bladder in many different directions. The ends of the vasa deferentia are called ejaculatory ducts. These ducts are located behind the bladder and empty into the urethra. Before the sperm reach the urethra they must also travel through the seminal vesicles, which are also located behind the bladder. Accessory Glands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The seminal vesicles are part of a group of accessory glands. The seminal vesicles add the semen that coats the sperm during ejaculation. The seminal fluid â€Å"contains mucus, amino acids, fructose as the main energy source for the sperm, and prostaglandins to stimulate female uterine contractions to move the semen up into the uterus.† (biology.clc.uc.ed, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inside the body, at the beginning of the urethra, is the prostate gland. The prostate gland is considered an accessory gland and is the largest of these glands. It secretes directly into the urethra and mixes with the seminal fluid. The secretions of the prostate gland are high in alkaline. Alkaline neutralizes the acid left by urine and produced by the female body. It protects the sperm as they make their way through the female to the egg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hanging from the front of the abdominal cavity on the outside of the body, in front of the scrotum, is the penis. It is made from several cylinders of spongy, erectile tissue. When the male becomes sexually excited, the spongy tissue becomes filled with arterial blood and the veins, which allow this blood to drain off to other areas, seal off. This causes an erection, which is required for ejaculation. The erection is also required to be able to enter the female’s vagina and fertilize the egg. Running through the center of the penis is a hollow tube called the urethra. It allows semen or urine to be released from the body. The male reproductive system  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookREPROD.html The Female   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The female reproductive organs are internal and produce eggs rather than sperm. The eggs are produced in the ovaries, which are located on either side of the abdominal cavity. The â€Å"eggs† are not like chicken or other animal eggs but more like a collection of special cells. While a female has almost a half million eggs at birth, only about 500 will be released from the ovaries during the time that she is fertile and able to reproduce. Eggs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The eggs are formed with a process known as â€Å"meiosis†. This means that the egg only has half of the chromosomes needed to complete a new being. The process known as fertilization provides the other half of the needed chromosomes, thus giving the offspring half from each contributing parent. Of the hundreds of thousands of eggs a female is born with, only about 300 of these are ever released to be fertilized. Ovaries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ovaries, located on either side of the abdominal wall, create the eggs that are released for fertilization. The ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes and store the unused eggs as well.   Ovaries also produce the female hormone estrogen, which affects mood, weight and other aspects of the body. Fallopian Tubes From the ovaries are the fallopian tubes, which extend from the ovaries on each side and down into the females uterus. The fallopian tubes lead into the uterus where the fertilized egg will remain as it gestates. In the female human, hormones contribute to the egg being released into the fallopian tubes. This is normally limited to one egg per cycle. Ovulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ovulation is the period when an egg matures and is released into the fallopian tubes. This is â€Å"due to the stimulation of leutenizing hormone (LH), which then stimulates the remaining follicle cells to turn into a corpus luteum which then secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for possible implantation. If an egg is not fertilized and does not implant, the corpus luteum disintegrates and when it stops producing progesterone, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.† (biology.clc.uc.ed, 2007) Uterus   Ã‚  Ã‚   The uterus is located in the female abdominal cavity. It is lined with millions of cilia. These are tiny follicles that both attach the egg to the wall of the uterus and sweep the lining out when the egg disintegrates. At the end of the uterus is the cervix. The cervix has thick walls and a tiny opening leading into the vaginal canal. The cervix will open to pass the baby through when it is time for it to be born. Vaginal Canal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vaginal canal extends from the cervix to the outside opening of the female vagina. It allows the penis to be inserted to fertilize the egg, pass menstrual blood out of the body and allow a baby to pass from the body. The walls are highly elastic and will stretch to accommodate the baby’s head. The Vagina   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vagina is the outer area of the female reproductive system. It contains the opening leading to the vaginal canal and a tiny opening located right above it. This is the urethra and it allows urine to pass from the body. Directly above the urethra is the clitoris. This is the female counterpart to the male penis and is also highly sensitive. Covering the openings is the vulva. This consists of inner and outer labia, which are folds of skin. The vulva becomes covered with body hair when the female matures. Fertilization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fertilization of the egg occurs when the sperm meet the egg at the far end of the fallopian tube. The sperm fertilize the egg, the egg implants itself into the lining of the uterus and a new human is created. The female reproductive system  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookREPROD.html References http://emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookREPROD.html http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/reproduc.htm http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/female_reproductive_system.html

Important and application of data mining

Important and application of data mining Important and application of Data Mining Abstract Today, people in business area gain a lot of profit as it can be increase year by year through consistent approach should be apply accordingly. Thus, performing data mining process can lead to utilize in assist to make decision making process within the organization. This paper elaborate in detail the level of importance and also the application the application of data mining which can be adopt for various fields depends on the objective, mission, goals and purpose of conducting the study within the organization. there are three main areas take as a example which are hotel, library and hotel to observe on how data mining works to these main field. Keywords: Data Mining, KDD Process, Decision Trees, Ant Colony Clustering Algorithm; Association Rules, Neural Network, Rough Set, 1.0 Introduction As we know, organization which conducts business transaction is keeps massive of document or data in a specific database for further retrieval. The data are combine from are a few departments that carried out different task and each of their function parallel with the mission and vision of organization. According (Imberman, 2001) the number of fields in large databases can approach magnitudes of 102 to 103. Therefore, it is necessary to make proper decision making or strategic planning using the existing data where these plays important role in order to ensure any action that are taken place does not given an impact especially bring loss to the organization. Other than that, data became obsolete when it keeps on changing and easily out dated as the user requirement shifting depends on factors such as trends, money, needs and so forth. One way to analyze data is using of data mining technique which enable to assist organization by emphasize several steps to produce the valuable output in short period of time compare with the traditional method which may involves more than one methodologies and it derive to longer of time to accomplish the investigation towards a portion of data. Thus, in the business area an action should be done quickly in order to compete with other competitors and to improve performance both in giving service and produce a high quality product. Moreover, process interpretation of the result involves group of people to inject some of the creativity and synthesis which can lead to the solutions on the problem or tasks. Obviously, data mining a lot assist in various fields with different purposes and depend on the objectives that want to achieve. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 tells about definition of data mining. Section 3 determines the importance of data mining. Section 4 explains the application of data mining in various fields. Section 5 draws the conclusions. 2.0 Definition of Data Mining There are abroad definitions listed by a few researcher and academician according to their view and opinion based on the study they have done. Moreover, these will help to understand or giving an idea before discusses more in depth towards data mining technique. Basically, the main purpose use of data mining is to manipulate huge amount of data either existence or store in the databases by determine suitable variables which is contribute to the quality of prediction that will be use to solve problem. Define by Gargano Raggad, 1999. Data mining searches for hidden relationships, patterns, correlations, and interdependencies in large databases that traditional information gathering methods (e.g. report creation, pie and bar graph generation, user querying, decision support systems (DSSs), etc.) might overlook. Besides that, another author also agreed with opinion toward the data mining definition which is to seek hidden pattern, orientation and also trend. Through (Palace, 1996) added to the previous is: Data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases. Moreover, data mining also define as process to squeeze of knowledge or information using appropriate framework or model to analyze until produce an output that assist in fulfill the objective of the study. From Imberman, 2001: As knowledge extraction, information discovery, information harvesting, exploratory data analysis, data archeology, data pattern processing, and functional dependency analysis. The statement above agreed and adds that the framework or model that adopt definitely to expose the real circumstance. Define by Ma, Chou Yen, 2000: Data mining is the process of applying artificial intelligence techniques (such as advanced modeling and rule induction) to a large data set in order to determine patterns in the data. In the other hand, data mining is taken a few steps during analysis and this step is depending on the methodology that is chosen. Each of the methodology is not much differ from other methodology. Through Forcht Cochran, 1999: Data mining is an interactive process that involves assembling the data into a format conducive to analysis. Once the data are configured, they must be cleaned by checking for obvious errors or flaws (such as an item that is an extreme outlier) and simply removing them. 3.0 Important of Data Mining As discusses above, it can be seen that data mining will be beneficial a lot of party and multiple range of level in the organization as the model or framework that is apply can reduce time and cost. Then, the results allow the responsible knowledge worker to transform into the strategic value of information effectively by critically analyze the result. The process should be done carefully to avoid the useful variables or algorithm being removes or not be included in the extraction of reliable data. Data mining techniques will help in select a portion of data using appropriate tools to filter outliers and anomalies within the set of data. According to Gargano Raggad, 1999, there are a few others important of data mining consist of:  · To facilitate the explication of previously hidden information includes the capabilities to discover rules, classify, partition, associate and optimize. According to (Goebel Gruenwald, 1999) in order to seek the pattern of data, a few methodologies are use in clarify the vagueness as well as to identifying the relation among one variables and other variables within the databases whereas the outcome will guide in making decision or to forecast the impact when the action were take into consideration. The chosen of methodologies should be determined in a proper way suit with the rules and condition towards the data which is to be analyzed. The methodologies include: Statistical Methods: focused mainly on testing of preconceived hypotheses and on fitting models to data. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR): technology that tries to solve a given problem by making direct use of past experiences and solutions. Neural Networks: formed from large numbers of simulated neurons, connected to each other in a manner similar to brain neurons which enables the network to learn. Decision Trees: each non-terminal node represents a test or decision on the considered data item and can also be interpreted as a special form of a rule set, characterized by their hierarchical organization of rules. Rule Induction: Rules state a statistical correlation between the occurrences of certain attributes in a data item, or between certain data items in a data set. Bayesian Belief Networks: graphical representations of probability distributions derived from co-occurrence counts in the set of data items. Genetic algorithms / Evolutionary Programming: formulate hypotheses about dependencies between variables, in the form of association rules or some other internal formalism. Fuzzy Sets: constitute a powerful approach to deal not only with incomplete, noisy or imprecise data, but may also be helpful in developing uncertain models of the data that provide smarter and smoother performance than traditional systems. Rough Sets: rough sets are a mathematical concept dealing with uncertainty in data and used as a stand-alone solution or combined with other methods such as rule induction, classification, or clustering methods  · The ability to seamlessly automate and embed some of mundane, repetitive, tedious decision steps not requiring continuous human intervention. Several steps are taken in processes or analyzes on selected data where the process involves of filtering, transforming, testing, modeling, visualization and documented the result or store accordingly in the databases or data warehouse. Each of the steps functions differently and has responsibility in carries out the process with the purpose to easier and produce the high quality of assumption by automate generate towards specific conditions. For example, data warehouse also keep previous analysis and this allow eliminating the redundant output at certain steps. Through Ma, Chou Yen, 2000, they stress the characteristics of data mining define how it assist to reach the end process of analyzing. It comprises: Data pattern determination: Data-access languages or data-manipulation languages (DMLs) identify the specific data that users want to pull into the program for processing or display. It also enables users to input query specifications. Therefore, users simply select the desired information from the menus, and the system builds the SQL command automatically. Formatting capability: It generates raw data formats, tabular, spreadsheet form, multidimensional-display and visualization. Content analysis capability: Data mining also has a strong content analysis capability that enables the user to process the specifications written by the end-users. Synthesis capability: Data mining allows data synthesis to be timely executed.  · Simultaneously reducing cost and potential error encountered in the decision making process. Basically, data mining can minimize the error of forecasting by following the steps of selected methodology in well manner to avoid delaying in making decision where this situation will giving big impact for the business area. Therefore, it must be careful in handling the data throughout the steps involves whereby the strategic plan should take into consideration includes of the objectives to done the analysis, the amount of data, the variables, the relationship between variables, test adopted, and so forth. Moreover, if there is need to discuss with the professional towards the study conducted and it should be included in the planning part. In the context of organization, usually a unit or group of people are given responsible to carries this duty to discover the hidden pattern for another department. Hence, the continuously meeting should be done between the professional and researchers to ensure the end result fulfill their requirement as well as to improve the performance of work er, department and organization. In term of reducing a cost, compare to the traditional research which take time in acquiring the data from respondents and it depend on the methodologies that are use and the number of sampling. If the questionnaire method, it can be done quickly and less time consuming but if the interviewing method is adopted, it surely take time and researcher have to meets the respondent more than one time, if there is an ambiguity or the answers not meet with the requirement. For certain study, the sampling are involves from the different location which require the researcher to travel in order to gain the genuine opinion from them and this will cost a lot involves of accommodation, food, flight ticket and so forth. For data mining, it uses the existence of data (for example, data of customer transaction, data of student registration, data of patient undergo the operation process and so on) that keep in data warehouse which mostly reduce cost in aspect of acquiring data. Other than that, researc her take first action by search for the study in the data warehouse when the objective being determine at the beginning of study because previous study are store in the data warehouse. If it is found tally, a few step will be skip or easily decided towards the data and it prove that data mining can reducing the cost as well as time. Refer to Gargano Raggad, 1999, data mining also derive long term benefit which the cost incurred due to the development, implementation, and maintenance of such systems by a wide margin. 4.0 The application of Data Mining Nowadays, data mining is widely use especially to those organization that focuses on consumer orientation. For example, retail, financial, communication, and marketing organizations (Palace, 1996). Besides it, healthcare area also gain benefit by apply the data mining into the daily operations. These various of field shows each of the organization carries different transaction where all of details keep in the databases which enables to perform analysis for multiple purpose likes to increase revenue, gain more customer, improve customer satisfaction and others. Moreover, again through (Palace, 1996) the existence data allow to determine relationships among internal factor consists price, product positioning or staff skills and external factor consists economic indicators, competition and customer demographic. Hence, there three examples of data minings application in different areas which are hotel sector, library scope and also hospital with the goals to reduce or eliminate the weakness by address it using the result that is interpret in well manner to assist in making decision for the best solutions. The examples are as follows:  · A data mining approach to developing the profiles of hotel customers. A study conduct by Min, Min Ahmed Emam, 2002 with the objective to target some of the valued customers for special treatment based on their anticipated future profitability to the hotel. There are a few questions regarding to the customer profiling: Which customers are likely to return to the same hotel as repeat guests? Which customers are at greatest risk of defecting to other competing hotels? Which service attributes are more important to which customers? How to segment the customer population into profitable or unprofitable customers? Which segment of the customers best fits the current service capacities of the hotels? The researchers adopt decision trees for analyzing the data from the abroad method of data mining methodology because the ability to generate appropriate rules using visualization and simplicity. There are three steps having to follows in this process and it includes: Data collection: the process of select data that suit with objective from the previous survey. Moreover, remove the unwanted data from databases by filtering out the excel file. Data formatting: the process of converted all data in the spreadsheet to Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) for the purpose of classification accuracy. Rules induction: the process of selection of algorithms to building decision trees which is C5.0 to generate sets of rules that bring important clues in order for hotel manager to take further action. As the result, the researcher found that if-then rules as a useful in formulating a customer retention strategy with a predictive ranging from 80.9 per cent to 93.7 per cent whereas a predictive accuracy reflect to the rules conditions that affect by times (percentage).  · Using data mining technology to provide a recommendation service in the digital library. A study conducted by Chen Chen, 2006 with the purpose to provide recommendation system architecture to promote digital library service in electronic libraries. There are abroad of digital publication format likes audio, video, picture, etc. thus, it lead difficulties in analyzing or defining the keyword and content in order to gain information from the user to improve the service in the digital libraries. In the methodology section, there are two data mining models selected which consist o Ant Colony Clustering Algorithm; This model is capable to find the shortest path or reduce time to find the best output fit with the problem that existence in the organizations. Each of the steps has different function to enable they too see the relation among the variables It takes a few steps which are: Step 0: parameters and initialize pheromone trails. Step 1: Each ant constructs its solution Step 2: Calculate the scores of all solutions Step 3: Update the pheromone trails. Step 4: If the best solution has not been changed after some predefined iterations, terminate the algorithm; otherwise go to step 2. o Association rules to discover the hidden pattern. This model enables to find co-purchase items and assist in uncovered relationship algorithms in form of association rules. There are two main steps as follows: Step 1: Find all large item sets Step 2; use the large items set generated in the first step to generate all the effective association rules. As the results, these two models encounter more than one solutions and enable to gain a lot of recommendation that can be manipulate into various problem that exists in conducting digital libraries as well as to promote the usage in multiple level of user using the appropriate mechanism and providing suitable services.  · Using KDD process to forecast the duration of surgery. A study conducted by Combas, Meskens Vandamme, 2007 with the aim is to identify classes of surgery likely to take different lengths of time according to the patients profile as well as to allow the use of the operating theatre to be better scheduled. There are many issues arise in this field that lead to the study. For example, an endoscopy unit use of endoscopy tube (shared resources) during the surgery. However their availability is limited because it takes 30-45min to clean and sterilize each one. The scheduling of endoscopies (and all other operating theatre procedures) must obviously take into account the availability of these different resources. The researchers adopt Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process to analyze this massive data from the databases. The step as follows: Step 1: data preparation which the selected data must be fulfill of requirement includes secondary diagnoses, Previous active history and system affected. Step 2: data cleaning where filter data by concerning surgical procedures that had been performed at least 40 times (at least 20 times for combinations involving both surgery and specific surgeons). Step 3: data mining which to decide appropriate method to test on the portion of data which it involves rough set and neural network. Step 4: validation by comparison consist process of interpretation by comparing the result from two methods that perform data analysis in order to observe the rate of good classification. Then, researcher added up another three steps in order to fit with the objective that is proposed and to produce the best outcomes to forecast the durations of surgery. It consists of: o Step 5: Measuring the impact of predicting the duration of surgery on planning which in this step the duration of surgery supplied by the prediction models (empirical laws, rule-based laws, etc.) based on information stored in the database is used to feed a series of algorithms and heuristics for planning purposes o Step 6: Simulation involves the present time will allow to simulate the activity of the different theatre suites in terms of the operating sequence determined by planning methods on the two scenarios which are operating data and patients profile o Step 7: validation selection of the best model where the results supplied by the simulation model should enable to assess the quality of scheduling on the basis of a series of performance indicators likes the length of time for which the operating theatres are not in use, the number of potential additional hours, and errors in predicting the duration of surgery. As the results, researchers are not particularly satisfactory. The main problem seems to be the choice of variable grouping, which might possibly have an effect on prediction quality. 5.0 Conclusion As a conclusion, data mining can be consider as an effective and efficient way to discover or to transform the invisible to visible data that retrieve from databases which have capabilities to store huge amount of data by using the right tools in assist or enable to analyze, synthesis and manipulate the content of data for various purposes and often depend on the main businesses that carries out to define the target. From the discussion above, it can be seen that there are a lot of advantages when perform data mining especially in the business area which allow the organization to predict the trends, customer requirement, the relationship and so forth as early preparation can be identify in order to seek another or a few others way to ensure that organization can still operate their daily operation after determine that organization not agree towards the result have been gain. In order to produce the end result that satisfying the organization and minimize the error as it successfully implement the information in order to perform business transaction. The key variables should be assign in well manner meet or suitable with the objective that propose in conducting the study because it have to repeat the procedures when found the errors as the decision making process could not been done according to the timeline. 6.0 References Chen, Chia-Chen Chen, An-Pin. (2006 ). Using data mining technology to provide a recommendation service in the digital library. The Electronic Library. 25(6): 711-734. Combas, C., Meskens, N Vandamme, J. P. (2007). Using a KDD process to forecast the duration of surgery. International Journal of Production Economics. 112: 279-293. Forcht., Karen A. Cochran, Kevin. (1999). Using data mining and datawarehousing techniques. Industrial Management Data Systems. 99(5), 189-196. Gargano., Michael L. Raggad, Bel G. (1999). Data mining a powerful information creating tool. OCLC Systems Services. 15(2), 81-90. Goebel, Michael Gruenwald, Le. (1999). A survey of data mining and knowledge discovery software tools. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter. 1: 20 33. Imberman, Susan P. (2001) Effective Use of the KDD Process and Data Mining for Computer Performance Professionals. in International Computer Measurement Group Conference. Anaheim: USA, 611-620. Ma, Catherine, Chou, David C. .Yen, David C. (2000). Data warehousing, technology assessment and management. Industrial Management Data Systems. 100(3), 125-135. Min, Hokey., Min, Hyesung Ahmed Emam. (2002). A data mining approach to developing the profiles of hotel customers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 14(6): 274-285. Palace, Bill. (1996, Spring). Data Mining: What is Data Mining? retrieved March 2, 2010, from: http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/jason.frand/teacher/technologies/palace/datamining.htm

Effects of War on Fuel Market Equilibrium

Effects of War on Fuel Market Equilibrium Fuel, oil or in some countries called gas is undeniable as important commodities and resources for many sectors in the world especially in transportation, providing energy and industries. Let take a look on fuel sales. The sale of world oil is USD 1,600 billion in the year 2008. Most countries without this natural resource will have to pay in order to get this resource and in the year 2000, Saudi Arabia is reported gained about USD 80 billion dollars as export income. This shows that the demand of this resource is becoming high and of course important as energy sources. Based on International Energy Agency (IEA) report on 2009, top three importers of oil are United States of America, Japan and China. Globally, fuel market demands are increasing every year. According to IEA on December 2010 report, global oil product is revised up from 130, 000 (Kb/d) barrels per day to 87.4 million barrels per day and it is expected 260 000 barrels per day to 88 million barrels per day in 2011. That was a huge increasing demand! What does demand means? Demand is determined as total amount of goods required and able to be purchased by consumers at various price levels in certain period. Besides that, demand also related with other variable which is quantity and price. In measuring demand quantity for oil and car market, we can predict that other variables also affecting consumption are remains. Nowadays, oil productions are dominated by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) which led by Arab Saudi and the others are five of Middle East producers which produce 75% of global output. The world oil production chart is shows in figure 1 (b) as per below: As we know, crude oil plays important role in every sectors of world economic from heavy industries to agriculture sector. Once war outbreak in a country especially one of the main producers of oil in the world, then the impact will be spread out all over the world. Why? Oil prices will causes increasing in prices and directly infecting world economics too. As an example, Iraq invasion in Kuwait in 1990 has reduced the supply of oil as Kuwait contributed 2.5% of world oil production while Iraq contributed 5%. Therefore, this has cut off oil supplies for about 7.5%. Thus, we could calculate the percentage of oil production being cut off from country A! However, this will reduce the aggregate of oil supply and upward pressure on the price level and indirectly causing decline of total output. See? The impacts are interrelated with each other and thus affect the world economy. According to the law of demand, it says that when prices increases, demand quantity decreases and when price decreases, demand quantity increases. This is shown in figure 2: In the other hand, we can predict the effect on equilibrium quantity and prices when there are changes in demand or supply. Equilibrium is the term used in economics field which means a condition where all variables have reached established position with no tendency to change. Market equilibrium will maintain as no market forces which affecting demand and supply. Demand and supply are shifting to the left or to the right as a response to changes in determinant variables. In country A case, fuel supply disruptions happen and thus causing price increase and demanding falling decrease. This is due to economics law states that all factors all equal as the price of goods or services increase and the demand will decrease. This is shown in figure 3(a) as per below: As the fuel price increase from P1 to P2, quantity demanded for fuel will decrease. This relation are referred to Law of Demand where when price increases demand quantities will decreases and when price decreases, the demand quantity will increases. Therefore, consumers will reduce their demand for cars and this will result shifting supply curve to left. According to supply change, when supply decreases and the demand remain unchanged, the equilibrium price will increase and at the same time equilibrium quantity will decrease. Lets look what happen while Hurricane Katrina blows US in September 2005. The price was raised by sellers and in certain states such as Arkansas and Kentucky there are shortage of supplies. Shortage of supplies also called excess demand. Therefore, when the war broke out in country A, then we can predict that the same scenario will happen and the situation might be worst. This will results in rise in the equilibrium price of fuel. The demand of oil is inelastic as we couldnt replace or substitute oil as energy sources. Inelastic of demand here means that the price change ratio is bigger than ratio of quantity change. Therefore, price change will give more significant effect. Once the fuel or petrol affected due to war in country A, car market also will influence as they are classified as complementary goods. Complementary good means that goods which can be consumed together to get satisfaction. Therefore, the effects of war on car market are discussed as per below chapter. Effects of war on car market equilibrium What is the relationship between oil and car? Actually, we can say that if there is no oil, major problems will be faced by transportation sectors such as lorry, tanks, public vehicles, industries and also our daily transportation. In the year 2009, Malaysia faced shortage of diesel supply and what is the effect? There are lots of vehicles which used diesel stocked because of this. The same phenomena are predicted to be happening when country A involved in war. In wider view, there are about eight millions of vehicles all over the world which used fuel in the year 2000 and this number is greatly increased every year! So what are the impacts if the fuel price increased? Fuel consumers may choose to drive less, using alternative transportation such as commuter, looking for fuel resource substitution and they might choose electric based engines such as hybrid car. Therefore, there are close relationship between fuel price and car market as fuel and car are complementary on each other. By the way, what will happen if the price of fuel increasing whiles the price of car increase too caused by tax? We could imagine that there is lot of cars with various engine power offered with low prices! As the fuel price is higher need to be paid by consumers, the cost of petrol guzzling vehicle such as BMW and Mercedes Benz will increased. Thus, the demand of luxury cars will decline. As an alternative, consumers in the market will look for cost saving vehicles as solution. They might change to lower power vehicles in cubic centimeter (cc) such as PERODUA cars in the market and etc. as solution if the war happens for short term. This has been proved by a research which has been done by economist at Imperial College, London recommended that consumers will tends to look for more efficient energy cars, selecting and prioritize public transport for trips and minimize their travel distances. As a result, there will be lots of luxury used car offered in the market and demand curve will shift to left as shown in figure 5. In the other hand, what will happen if the war continues for long term? In this case, we can assume that production of new cars will be reduced or being stop at all until the situation recovered and thus, demand curve will decrease. This effect towards demand curve and supply curve is illustrated in figure 6: Tax imposition effects of the fuel market Tax is implemented by government who rules in a country towards sellers for each unit of goods being sold. Therefore, we as consumer had to pay higher cost to get those items we required. As an example, we are paying additional 1% which total out 6% of government tax for ASTRO services since February 2011. Tax which imposed by government means increase cost for sellers. Thus, the tax will shift the supply curve the left as in figure 7. From the figure, the price paid by consumers and price received by sellers are shown as the different at tax value of t. The amount of tax which collected by government is on area P1 P2 BC, while amount borne by consumer are on P0 P2 BE and the seller tax is on area P1 P0 EC. In most countries, the implementation on tax fuels is intended for transportation sector and it is function as one of revenue source. As the demand of car is elastic, it means that demand is responding to price change. In this case, the supplier or producer must borne or absorb the tax. When demand is elastic, the effect of tax implemented is raising the price as mentioned in figure 8. However, equilibrium quantity will decrease in this situation. At war situation, demand for fuel will drop and demand for substitutes will increase. Among substitution choices at this time is using alternative electric vehicles and focusing on public transportation such as train. In 2008, Malaysia is ranked at 26th place as world oil producers with 753,700 billion barrels per day (Malaysia is also one of OPEC member).  The number of production is small if compared to Arab Saudi which produces 10,250,000 billion barrels per day. Due to war impact even though we still have the resources, the fuel must be used with most efficient way as Malaysia just began to learn, implement and use other energy alternative such as coal in electric plant. Who will bear the taxes imposed on fuel? Taxes consist of direct and indirect tax. Then where does tax income goes to? Those incomes which collected by a government were used for development of country, public works, education, enforcement of law, health care and etc. Big issue arising on the tax imposed by government is who will bear the cost? Actually when the demand is inelastic, the producer or seller has the ability to pass most or all of indirect tax to consumer by raising the market price of car. What is mean by elasticity? Elasticity is defined as sensitivity measurement of a particular variable towards one of its determinant such as price. Therefore when demand of car market price is elastic, the producer cannot simply pass the tax to the consumer but they have to bear majority of the tax by themselves. Therefore, the tax borne by consumer and supplier is shown in figure 9 as below: Usually, suppliers will hand over the tax which borne by them in whatever goods or services to consumer. The different is whether the amount is small or big. Price elasticity of demand measures response of quantity demanded by consumer of a particular good towards change in the price of the good. What does indirect tax mean from figure 9 as above? Indirect tax is the tax which imposed by government to suppliers. Examples for these taxes are duties on alcohol, cigarettes and fuel. For certain reasons, government levied tax as a strategy to improve environment. In other words, tax is opposite of subsidies which given by government. Logically, consumers have to pay the tax for fuel as it is needed daily. Whether we move to a destination to another by our own car, taxi, buses, by flight or by sea, it all used fuel as energy. As country A still recovering from war, it means that world supplies for fuel will take times to gain stable again. In countries like Japan, China and Denmark, transformation has begun to develop electric vehicles. In Japan, their cab has used fully electric operational cab in Tokyo. Malaysia which also affected by high fuel prices should learn and start to develop electric vehicles too and should concentrate on transformation. As we know, the increasing price of fuel will directly influence the other daily goods such as milk, sugar, meat and etc. to rise too. Thus, consumers have to bear the effects in the other side. Therefore, it is unfair all burdens of taxes being bonded by consumers. Conclusions As fuel demands are increasing all over the world, alternative energy substitution of fuel are highly recommended. According to Bob Lutz from General Motors, when the price of oil rising and stay, it has negative effects to economy as oil is used in the production of virtually in everything, including steel, aluminum, plastics, rubber, fabrics, transportation, and food (Daniel Gross, 2008). Consumers may not hold the high prices for longer period of time. Implementation of tax must be review from time to time and should be studied on the impacts to consumer, market and economy. Too high taxes will burden consumers and of course the price of goods will rise too. Therefore, demand of goods will decrease! In order to implement the taxes, government in country A must consider many aspects before the tax is being implemented. This step actually will give impact for long term. Why? We have seen the effect of high fuel price towards car market. Nowadays, car is considered as must have or needed at least one unit in a family or a household. However, lots of car offered in the market is also beneficial to consumers as we can choose the type of car we like with the specifications we like. That was for short term effect. What will happen if the main producer of fuel continuously involved in crisis or the crisis took longer period to be calm and solve? The effect will be worsening and as could be as what had happen in 1970s where fuel supplies in West countries in that year were in critical situation. Political stabilities also play important roles in influencing fuel price especially in Middle East countries. We know the fact that Middle East countries are rich with oil resources. Latest crisis in Libya has almost cut off about 300,000 barrels of fuel production. According to Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Libya own total proven oil reserves of 46.4 billion barrels as January 2011 which is the largest in Africa. Thus, war situation or this type of crisis has put fuel supplies at risk. Traders and analysis is watching closely on strikes especially in countries such as Iran as continuous oil price spikes could cause inflation and infecting global economic growth. Latest news, Oil companies reported has shut off their plant as the country is still in chaos. What is become worsening is the other country which is also producing fuel, Oman also involve crisis. Thats frightened as the risk of oil production surely will stop. Words: 2,804

Modernism in Forsters A Passage to India Essay -- Forster Passage to

Modernism in Forster's A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   When considering the novels of E.M. Forster, it is natural to recall the reserved landscapes of the Merchant and Ivory cinematic versions. Gauzy images - green hills, languorous boat rides, tender embraces - these impressions, cousins, really, to Jane Austen's plots and settings, are remembered as period pieces seldom associated with the literary experimentation of Virginia Woolf or the winsome angst of the lost War poets. It seems - does it not? - the movies end happily with the appropriate pairing of couples. But Forster should not be lumped in with representative Edwardian literature or with cinematic bliss. In order to analyze the worth of Forster's literary contribution, our impressions of the films must be put aside so that the text's echo can rattle in our ears.    And once the mediums are pried apart and banished to separate corners, a novel like A Passage to India stands alone and can be admired for its complex study of people who interact in an unfamiliar landscape, a landscape that ignores humans entirely. This text is not about good breeding, dowries, or happy endings. With its multiple perspectives, fragile personal connections, and symbolic caves that house an echo of nothingness not every character can hear, A Passage to India is Forster's own quiet rendition of Modernism. He does not try, as do Woolf, Joyce, and Eliot, to break free from standard English fictive forms. Instead, Forster's text contains an innovative, urgent assertion that the core of things like love, friendship, and self-knowledge are perpetually capable of collapsing, yet are valuable in spite of their fragility. His work demonstrates the individual's need to connec... ...nd Joyce are not directly present in A Passage to India, and while Forster's fictive structure might not be as experimental as theirs, his novel stands shoulder to shoulder with other modernists who in a little flash of light detect hidden glimmers beneath the stacks of words that comprise the universal story, the self-deception, the quiet conversation with a friend in a moonlit mosque.    Works Cited    Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1924. ---. "What I Believe." Modern British Literature. Eds. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York: Oxford, 1973. 624.    Rutherford, Andrew. Introduction. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Passage to India. Ed. Andrew Rutherford. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1970.    Scherer Herz, Judith. A Passage to India: Nation and Narration. New York: Twayne, 1993.   

Portrayal of Latinos in Film Essay -- Movies Films Latino spanish Essa

From the late 1800's to the 1960's, Puerto Ricans began to rise to recognition as a dominating influence, creating chaos in American society. This comment is based on the immigration of Puerto Ricans to America, and the problems it caused. Most of it began in the 1980's, when a great influx of Puerto Ricans flooded urban American cities in large numbers, creating chaos in the White House. This immigration happened to coincide with the downfall of inner cities as well as the youth, who began to show delinquent behavior paralleled by the decline in the inner city's stable structure. A general social decay was in the works, and a distressed Ronald Reagan staged one of the most endurable campaign stops against Carter in front of the run-down, burned down city of the Bronx. To compensate for the unknown disorder of American cities at this point in time, Reagan and many others assumed that the rise of the ghetto of Hispanic immigrants was synonomous with the deterioration of our cities. So it became Hollywood's task to create false images that linked society's decline ...

Conquering My Fear of Writing Essay -- Literacy Narrative Essays Paper

Conquering My Fear of Writing Lacking experience in writing and reading, English is my most feared subject. It is the one and only vulnerable spot in my otherwise invincible academic armor. I hate writing and I despise reading. Other than magazines, I cannot recall reading anything since "The Crucible" which was a teacher assigned book in my sophomore high school English class. Not that I read a lot before that, I don't remember reading any books in my middle school years neither. Now, with this writing assignment since a long time, my brain feels like an old rusty engine of an 81 Porsche cranking up for the first time in years, readying to compete in the heat. My parents and my favorite math teacher always told me that I'm a very bright individual and my accomplishments in other subjects prove that. I approached and conquered the subjects of math, science, and history like a paladin in gold, yet faced with writing, I would coward in fear. To me, writing equals to nothing more than stress and frustration. A useless hassle and senseless boredom which I thought was too stupid to waste effort on. Therefore I have shied away from this department for as long as I can remember and focused all my energy toward the areas I have strength and faith in. The writing compartment in my brain is very restricted. I lack flexibility in the use of words and phrases. A typical sentence of mine, starts with "I", "It", "Because", "The", "But", "Therefore". It is extremely difficult for...

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay

Abstract: Using complexometric method of calculating water hardness, an EDTA solution was made and calculated to be around .00209M. This EDTA solution was then used to titrate a water sample with unknown hardness. The sample used was sample #18. The hardness of the sample was calculated to be 180505 ppm. This is within normal levels for the Mesa area. Introduction: This experiment focuses on titration with EDTA. Titration is the determination of a given component in solution by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength until the endpoint is reached when the component has been consumed by reaction with the reagent. An indicator called Eriochrome Black T will enable detection when the EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. Chelation happens when a ligand (with more than one binding site) forms a complex with a metal ion. Ligands are complexes that form when the electron donating groups form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the metal ion. This experiment contains Ammonium chloride buffer which is an inhalation irritant. Procedure: About 500 mL of approximately 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution needed. The solution should have between 0.7–0.8 g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in about 500Â  mL deionized water in a plastic bottle. The bottled is Sealed and shaken vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard. Using a 10-mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000 g CaCO3/L solution) to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask which will have an additional 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask. Adding a magnetic stir-bar the solution was then stirred. about 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer is added to the solution. Just prior to titrating the flask, adding four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution will be needed. At the endpoint, the color will change from pink to violet to blue. This will repeat two more times. Then Choose one prepared unknown water sample as provided. Record the unknown code in a notebook, then titrate this water sample with your standardized disodium EDTA solution. Transferring 25.00 mL of the prepared water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask will be done. Then Add about 20 ml of DI water to the titration flask, which will have a magnetic stir-bar. The solution will have an added portion of 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer. The solution will then change color as previously examined in the first portion. This procedure will be repeated twice more. Results and Discussion: EDTA solution Initial Reading (mL) (mL) delivered 0.0mL 50.01mL 0.0mL 47.05mL 0.0mL 46.10mL The average of the mL delivered of the three results is 47.72 mL The Molarity of the EDTA solution was calculated and is shown below. Ppt: 15.99 for 50.01 mL delivered Ppt: 4.68 for 47.05 mL delivered Ppt: 11.31 for 46.10 mL delivered Unknown solution Initial Reading(mL) (mL) delivered 0.0mL 22.9mL 0.0mL 21.41mL 0.0mL 20.41mL The average of the mL delivered of the three results is 21.57 The hardness of the unknown water sample was calculated using the Molarity of the EDTA solution standardized in the first portion of the lab. The calculation is shown below. Ppt: 20.55 for 22.9 mL delivered Ppt: 2.47 for 21.41 mL delivered Ppt: 17.92 for 20.41 mL delivered The tables reveal a difference in (mL) delivered in comparing the first experiment to the unknown. The unknown must have a weaker tolerance to the indicator in which the first experiment is stronger. Conclusion: The water hardness in Mesa ranges from 12 gpg (grains per gallon) to 22 gpg (1). The Ppt of the unknown and EDTA do and don’t fall within Mesa’s range. There are some numbers that fall within the range and there are some that may fall out. Overall the data has some proof that the water hardness of the EDTA and unknown can potential match up to Mesa’s. Sources: (1) http://www.mesaaz.gov/water/hard_water.aspx

Deaf Culture Paper

To better appreciate what Deaf culture is, let's go to an opposing view and take a look at what Deaf culture is not. There are those who insist there is no such thing as Deaf culture. Some people will argue that deafness is nothing more than a disability, a disability that must be fixed. Getting this disability â€Å"fixed† may involve repeated visits to an audiologist, getting fitted for hearing aids, attending numerous speech therapy sessions, or even undergoing surgery to get a cochlear implant.This is what's called the pathological approach to deafness. It focuses on what's wrong–the inability to hear–and utilizes numerous technological and therapeutic strategies to solve the problem. The success of this approach varies from individual to individual. For many hard of hearing or late-deafened people, technology may be a welcomed addition that allows them to continue functioning in the world of their choice. â€Å"Deafness is a disability that is so unique, it s very nature causes a culture to emerge from it.Participation in this culture is voluntary. † There have been numerous Deaf publications over the years, such as Silent News, DeafNation, SIGNews, Deaf Life, and more. There are also catalogs chock full of books written by Deaf authors covering a wide range of topics. Some of these books include fascinating accounts of Deaf history and folklore. We've been blessed with numerous Deaf performing artists such as Clayton Valli, Patrick Graybill, Bernard Bragg, Mary Beth Miller, Freda Norman, Gil Eastman, Peter Cook, C.J. Jones, Nathie Marbury, Evelyn Zola, The Wild Zappers, Rathskellar, and many more. In hearing culture, it is rude to stare. However, in Deaf culture, staring is necessary. If you break eye contact while a person is signing to you, you are incredibly rude. That's like plugging your ears when someone is speaking to you. In hearing culture, facial expression is very limited. If you move your face or body a lot while you are talking, you can be seen as â€Å"weird† (and nobody wants to be weird).However, in Deaf culture, facial expression and body movement is required for ASL. It's part of ASL grammar. It's OK to be â€Å"weird† in Deaf culture†¦ it's normal! And absolutely necessary. In hearing culture, you normally introduce yourself by your first name only. Deaf people, however, introduce themselves by their full names, and sometimes even what city they're from or what school they went to. By city, I mean the city you grew up in, not what city you are currently residing in. And by school I usually mean a residential school you attended.The Deaf community is very small, and Deaf people like to find those specific commonalities with each other. Men are more likely to develop hearing loss or complete deafness than women. About 20% of Americans have reported some degree of hearing loss. 2-3 children out of 1,000 are born deaf every year. 9/10 children with a degree of hearing loss are born from hearing parents. 1 out of 5 people who’d benefit from hearing aids; actually wear them. About 4,000 cases of sudden deafness occur each year. 10-15 percent of sudden deafness patients know how they lost their hearing.